| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2<\/td>\n | undefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 4<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 6<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 8<\/td>\n | INTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.2 Abbreviated terms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | 4 Background 4.1 General 4.2 Raman amplification process <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | Figures Figure 1 \u2013 Stimulated Raman scattering process andRaman gain spectrum for silica fibres <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 4.3 Distributed vs. lumped amplification Figure 2 \u2013 Distributed vs. lumped amplification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 4.4 Tailoring the Raman gain spectrum 4.5 Forward and backward pumping configuration Figure 3 \u2013 The use of multiple pump wavelengths to achieve flat broadband gain <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | Figure 4 \u2013 Simulation results showing pump and signal propagation along an SMF span <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | 4.6 Typical performance of DRA Figure 5 \u2013 On-off gain and equivalent NF for SMF using a dual pumpbackward DRA with pumps at 1 424 nm and 1 452 nm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 5 Applications of distributed Raman amplification 5.1 General 5.2 All-Raman systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 5.3 Hybrid EDFA Raman systems 5.3.1 General 5.3.2 Long repeaterless links Figure 6 \u2013 Typical configuration of an amplification site in an all-Raman system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 5.3.3 Long span masking in multi-span links 5.3.4 High capacity long haul and ultra-long-haul systems 6 Performance characteristics and test methods 6.1 General 6.2 Performance of the Raman pump module 6.2.1 Basic configuration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 6.2.2 Pump wavelengths 6.2.3 Pump output power 6.2.4 Pump degree-of-polarization (DOP) Figure 7 \u2013 Typical configuration of a Raman pump module usedfor counter-propagating DRA <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 6.2.5 Pump relative intensity noise (RIN) 6.2.6 Insertion loss Figure 8 \u2013 Model for signal insertion loss (IL) of a Raman pump moduleused for counter-propagating DRA <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 6.2.7 Other passive characteristics 6.3 System level performance 6.3.1 General 6.3.2 On-off signal gain <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 6.3.3 Gain flatness Figure 9 \u2013 Typical configuration used to measure on-off gain of DRA <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | 6.3.4 Polarization dependant gain (PDG) 6.3.5 Equivalent noise figure 6.3.6 Multi-path interference (MPI) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 7 Operational issues 7.1 General 7.2 Dependence of Raman gain on transmission fibre <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 7.3 Fibre line quality 7.4 High pump power issues 7.4.1 General Figure 10 \u2013 Variations of Raman on-off gain for different transmission fibres <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | 7.4.2 Laser safety 7.4.3 Damage to the fibre line <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | 8 Conclusions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Optical amplifiers – Distributed Raman amplification<\/b><\/p>\n |