The report prepared by ACI Committee 544 on Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is a comprehensive review of all types of FRC. It includes fundamental principles of FRC, a glossary of terms, a description of fiber types, manufacturing methods, mix proportioning and mixing methods, installation practices, physical properties, durability, design considerations, applications, and research needs. The report is broken into five chapters: Introduction, Steel FRC, Glass FRC, Synthetic FRC, and Natural FRC. Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete made primarily of hydraulic cements, aggregates, and discrete reinforcing fibers. Fibers suitable for reinforcing concrete have been produced from steel, glass, and organic polymers (synthetic fibers). Naturally occurring asbestos fibers and vegetable fibers, such as sisal and jute, are also used for reinforcement. The concrete matrices may be mortars, normally proportioned mixes, or mixes specifically formulated for a particular application. Generally, the length and diameter of the fibers used for FRC do not exceed 3 in. (76 mm) and 0.04 in. (1 mm), respectively. The report is written so that the reader may gain an overview of the property enhancements of FRC and the applications for each general category of fiber type (steel, glass, synthetic, and natural fibers). Brittle materials are considered to have no significant post-cracking ductility. Fibrous composites have been and are being developed to provide improved mechanical properties to otherwise brittle materials. When subjected to tension, these unreinforced brittle matrices initially deform elastically. The elastic response is followed by microcracking, localized macrocracking, and finally fracture. Introduction of fibers into the concrete results in post-elastic property changes that range from subtle to substantial, depending upon a number of factors, including matrix strength, fiber type, fiber modulus, fiber aspect ratio, fiber strength, fiber surface bonding characteristics, fiber content, fiber orientation, and aggregate size effects. For many practical applications, the matrix first-crack strength is not increased. In these cases, the most significant enhancement from the fibers is the post-cracking composite response. This is most commonly evaluated and controlled through toughness testing (such as measurement of the area under the load-deformation curve). If properly engineered, one of the greatest benefits to be gained by using fiber reinforcement is improved long-term serviceability of the structure or product. Serviceability is the ability of the specific structure or part to maintain its strength and integrity and to provide its designed function over its intended service life. One aspect of serviceability that can be enhanced by the use of fibers is control of cracking. Fibers can prevent the occurrence of large crack widths that are either unsightly or permit water and contaminants to enter, causing corrosion of reinforcing steel or potential deterioration of concrete [1.1]. In addition to crack control and serviceability benefits, use of fibers at high volume percentages (5 to 10 percent or higher with special production tech-niques) can substantially increase the matrix tensile strength<\/p>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2<\/td>\n | CONTENTS CHAPTER 1\u2014 INTRODUCTION 1.1\u2014 Historical aspects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 3<\/td>\n | 1.2\u2014Fiber-reinforced versus conventionally reinforced concrete 1.3\u2014Discussion of fiber types 1.4\u2014Production aspects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 4<\/td>\n | 1.5\u2014Developing technologies 1.6\u2014Applications 1.7\u2014Glossary 1.7.1 General terms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 5<\/td>\n | 1.7.2 SFRC terms 1.7.3 GFRC terms 1.7.4 SNFRC terms 1.7.5 NFRC terms 1.8\u2014Recommended references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 6<\/td>\n | 1.8.1 ACI committee documents 1.8.2 ACI Special Publications 1.8.3 RILEM symposia volumes 1.8.4 Books 1.8.5 ASTM standards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 7<\/td>\n | 1.8.6 British Standards Institute 1.8.7 Japanese Society of Civil Engineers 1.8.8 Indian standards 1.9\u2014Cited references CHAPTER 2\u2014 STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE ( SFRC) 2.1\u2014 Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 8<\/td>\n | 2.1.1 Definition of fiber types 2.1.2 Manufacturing methods for steel fibers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | 2.1.3 History 2.2\u2014Physical properties 2.2.1 Fiber properties 2.2.2 Properties of freshly-mixed SFRC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | 2.2.3 Properties of the hardened composite 2.2.3.1 Behavior under static loading 2.2.3.1.1 Compression 2.2.3.1.2 Direct tension 2.2.3.1.3 Shear and torsion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | 2.2.3.1.4 Flexure 2.2.3.2 Behavior under impact loading 2.2.3.3 Fatigue behavior 2.2.3.4 Creep and shrinkage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 2.2.3.5 Modulus of elasticity and Poisson\u2019s ratio 2.2.3.6 Toughness 2.2.3.7 Thermal conductivity 2.2.3.8 Abrasion resistance 2.2.3.9 Friction and skid resistance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 2.2.4 Durability 2.2.4.1 Freezing and thawing 2.2.4.2 Corrosion of fibers: crack-free concrete 2.2.4.3 Corrosion of fibers: cracked concrete 2.2.5 Shrinkage cracking 2.3\u2014Preparation technologies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | 2.3.1 Mix proportions 2.3.2 Mixing methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | 2.4\u2014 Theoretical modeling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 2.5\u2014 Design considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 2.6\u2014Applications 2.6.1 Applications of cast-in-place SFRC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 2.6.2 Applications of precast SFRC 2.6.3 Shotcrete 2.6.4 SIFCON (slurry-infiltrated fiber concrete) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 2.6.5 Refractories 2.7\u2014Research needs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 2.8\u2014Cited references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | CHAPTER 3\u2014 GLASS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE ( GFRC) 3.1\u2014Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 3.2\u2014Fabrication of GFRC material 3.2.1 Spray-up process <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 3.2.2 Premix process 3.3\u2014Properties of GFRC 3.4\u2014Long-term performance of GFRC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | 3.4.1 Strength and toughness retention of AR-GFRC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | 3.4.2 Polymer (modified) E-glass fiber reinforced concrete (P-GFRC) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | 3.4.3 Recent developments for improvement of GFRC durability 3.4.3.1 Glass fiber modifications 3.4.3.2 Cement matrix modifications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | 3.5\u2014Freeze-thaw durability 3.6\u2014Design procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | 3.6.1 Design stresses 3.6.1.1 Flexural 3.6.1.2 Shear 3.6.1.3 Deflection 3.6.2 Connections 3.7\u2014Applications of GFRC 3.8\u2014GFRC panel manufacture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | 3.8.1 Steel-stud framing system [3.7, 3.8] 3.8.2 Flex-anchor connections [3.7, 3.8, 3.49] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | 3.8.3 Gravity anchor connections [3.7, 3.8] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | 3.8.4 Connection tests [3.89, 3.49] 3.8.5 Steel-stud frame\/GFRC panel design approaches [3.8] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | 3.8.6 Surface finishes [3.8] 3.9\u2014Surface bonding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | 3.10\u2014Research recommendations 3.11\u2014Cited references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | CHAPTER 4\u2014 SYNTHETIC FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE ( SNFRC) 4.1\u2014 Introduction 4.1.1 Synthetic fiber types 4.1.2 Historical background <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | 4.1.3 Developing technologies 4.2\u2014Physical and chemical properties of commer-cially available synthetic fibers 4.2.1 Acrylic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | 4.2.2 Aramid 4.2.3 Carbon 4.2.4 Nylon 4.2.5 Polyester 4.2.6 Polyethylene <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | 4.2.7 Polypropylene 4.3\u2014Properties of SNFRC 4.3.1 Acrylic FRC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | 4.3.2 Aramid FRC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | 4.3.3 Carbon FRC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | 4.3.4 Nylon FRC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | 4.3.5 Polyester FRC 4.3.6 Polyethylene FRC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | 4.3.7 Polypropylene FRC 4.3.7.1 Fresh concrete properties and workability 4.3.7.2 Compressive strength 4.3.7.3 Static modulus and pulse velocity 4.3.7.4 Flexural strength (modulus of rupture) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | 4.3.7.5 Impact strength 4.3.7.6 Fatigue strength and endurance limit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | 4.3.7.7 Flexural toughness and post-crack behavior <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | 4.3.7.8 Shrinkage and cracking <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | 4.3.7.9 Bond strength 4.3.7.10 Tests at elevated temperatures 4.3.8 Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | 4.4\u2014Composite production technologies 4.5\u2014Fiber parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | 4.5.1 Fiber spacing and surface area <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | 4.5.2 Graphical solution 4.6\u2014Applications of SNFRC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 54<\/td>\n | 4.6.1 Applications of carbon FRC 4.6.2 Applications of polypropylene and nylon FRC 4.7\u2014Research needs 4.8\u2014Cited references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 56<\/td>\n | CHAPTER 5\u2014 NATURAL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE ( NFRC) 5.1\u2014 Introduction 5.2\u2014Natural fibers 5.2.1 Unprocessed natural fibers 5.2.2 Processed natural fibers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 57<\/td>\n | 5.2.3 Mechanical properties of natural fibers 5.2.3.1 Mechanical properties of unprocessed natural fibers 5.2.3.2 Mechanical properties of processed natural fibers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 58<\/td>\n | 5.3\u2014Unprocessed natural fiber reinforced concrete 5.3.1 Materials and mixing 5.3.1.1 Mix proportions 5.3.1.2 Cement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | 5.3.1.3 Aggregates 5.3.1.4 Water and admixtures 5.3.1.5 Fibers 5.3.1.6 Methods of mixing 5.3.2 Properties of unprocessed natural fiber reinforced concrete 5.3.2.1 General 5.3.2.2 Fresh concrete <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 60<\/td>\n | 5.3.2.3 Hardened concrete <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 61<\/td>\n | 5.3.2.4 Placing and finishing 5.4\u2014Processed natural fiber reinforced concrete 5.4.1 Production methods 5.4.2 Properties of the hardened processed natural fiber reinforced concretes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | 5.5\u2014Practical applications 5.6\u2014Summary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 63<\/td>\n | 5.7\u2014Research needs 5.9\u2014Cited references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 544.1R-96: Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete (Reapproved 2009)<\/b><\/p>\n |