{"id":452775,"date":"2024-10-20T09:26:43","date_gmt":"2024-10-20T09:26:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/ieee-4-1978-4\/"},"modified":"2024-10-26T17:33:25","modified_gmt":"2024-10-26T17:33:25","slug":"ieee-4-1978-4","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/ieee\/ieee-4-1978-4\/","title":{"rendered":"IEEE 4-1978"},"content":{"rendered":"

Revision Standard – Superseded. Standard methods of measurement of high voltage and basic techniques for dielectrics, so far as they are generally applicable to all types of apparatus, for alternating voltages, direct voltages, lightning impulse voltages, switching impulse voltages, and impulse currents are established. General definitions and test requirements are provided, and test procedures and measuring devices are described. A measuring devices application guide and recommendations for voltage measurements by means of sphere gaps are included. The contents are based on and adhere very closely to IEC high- voltage test techniques documents.<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nage Testing Section <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\n1.1 General
Scope and Object
1.2 General Definitions
1.2.1 Impulses
Characteristics Related to Disruptive Discharge and Test Voltages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\nClassification of Insulation
General Requirements Relating to Test Procedure and Test Objects
General Arrangement of the Test Object
DryTests
WetTests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\nPrecipitation Conditions (Revised Test Procedure) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\nwith Alternating Voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\nArtificial Contamination Tests
Under Artificial Contamination
140 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\nAtmospheric Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\nHumidity
inmeters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\nApplication of Atmospheric Correction Factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\nThermometer Readings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\nAppendix 1A Details of the Pre-Deposited Contamination Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\nPreferred Resistivities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\nExample of Fog Nozzle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\nAppendix 1B Production of Saline Fog
20\u00b0C and <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\nand <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\nSaline Fog Jet; See Appendix 1B
Fig 1B.3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\nAppendix 1C Measurement of the Degree of Contamination <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\n2.1 General
Scope and Object
Test with Direct Voltage
Definitions of Direct-Voltage Tests
2.2.2 Test Voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n2.2.3 Test Procedures
Test with Alternating Voltage
Definitions for Alternating-Voltage Tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\n2.3.2 Test Voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\nTable
Power Supply Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n2.3.3 Test Procedures
Test with Lightning-Impulse Voltages
Definitions for Lightning-Impulse Tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\nExamples of Lightning Impulses with Oscillations or Overshoot <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\nFull Lightning Impulse
Lightning Impulse Chopped on the Front
Fig <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\nLightning Impulse Chopped on the Tail
Linearly Rising Front-Chopped Impulse <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n2.4.2 Test Voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\nVoltage\/Time Curve for Impulses of Constant Prospective Shape <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\n2.4.3 Test Procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\nTests with Switching-Impulse Voltages
Definitions for Switching-Impulse Tests
Full Switching Impulse <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\n2.5.3 Test Procedures
Circuit for Generation of Switching Impulses Using a Transformer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\nTests with Impulse Currents
Definitions for Impulse-Current Tests
2.6.2 Test Current <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\n2.7 Bibliography
Class 1 Tests
Class 2 Tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\n2.7.3 Class 3 Tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\nAppendix 2A Statistical Evaluation of Test Results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\nFactors for Determination of 95% Confidence Limits
Table 2A.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\nAppendix 2B Rod Gap
Rod-Gap Sparkover Crest Voltages
Table 2B.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\n3.1 General
Scope and Object
3.1.2 General Principles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\nDefinition of General Terms Related to Measurements
General Requirements on Measuring Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\nMeasuring Systems for Direct Voltages
the Measuring System
Measuring Systems for Alternating Voltages
the Measuring System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\nMeasuring Systems for Impulse Voltages
Quantities to be Measured and Accuracies Required
Classification of Impulse Measuring Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\nRequirements of Measuring Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\n3.4.4 Maximum Frequency to be Recorded f
Response Time Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\nMeasuring Systems for Impulse Currents
the Measuring System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\n4.1 General
Scope and Object
4.2.1 General
Systems for Measuring the Steadystate Value of Direct Voltages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\nSystems for Measuring Ripple Voltage
Determination of Voltage Ratios and Scale Factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\nPossible Sources of Errors and Precautions
Measurement of Alternating Voltages
4.3.1 General
Systems for Measuring the Amplitude of Alternating Voltages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\nSystems for Measuring the Amplitude of Harmonics
Determination of Voltage Ratios and Scale Factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\nPossible Sources of Errors and Precautions
Measurement of Impulse Voltages
4.4.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nMeasuring System Components
The Unit Step Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\nDetermination of Voltage Ratios and Scale Factors
Methods of Matching Coaxial Cables <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\nResponse of a Measuring System
Procedure for Measuring the Experimental Unit Step Response <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\nTable
Response Parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nTypical Oscillograms Obtained by the Step Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\nStep Response Oscillograms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\n75-76* <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\nMethod
Voltage (Valid for Negative Voltages) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\nDetermination of Rate-of-Rise When Using Sphere-Gap Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\nRelation of Response Parameters to Measuring Errors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\nResponse Time and Measurement Errors in Practical Measurements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\nCriteria Relating to Corrections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\nEffect of Initial Distortion on Front-Chopped Impulse <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nDetermination of T’a for a Response with Steep Initial Portion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\n4.4.10 Evaluation of a Measuring System by Comparison Method
4.4.1 1 Various Sources of Errors Precautions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
96<\/td>\nStep Response) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\nStep Response) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\nCheck of the Proximity Effects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\nMeasurement of Impulse Currents
4.5.1 General
Commonly Used Measuring Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\nTubular Shunts for Impulse Current Measurements
87-91* <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\n4.5.3 Precautions
System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\nAppendix 4A Resistor Dividers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\nthe Test Object <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
109<\/td>\n5.1 General
Scope and Object
5.2 Standard Sphere Gap
5.2.1 Definition
Requirements for the Spheres <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\nConstruction of the Shanks of the Spheres
Height of Spheres Above the Horizontal Ground Plane <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\nHorizontal Sphere Gap <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\nClearance Around the Spheres
Clearance Around the Spheres (Table)
Connection of the Sphere Gap
5.3.1 Grounding
5.3.2 High-Voltage Conductor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\nDirect Voltage
Protective Series Resistance in Measurement of Impulse Voltages
The Use of Sphere Gap
5.4.1 Irradiation
18 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\n5.4.2 Voltage Measurements
Sphere-Gap Disruptive-Discharge Voltages
Numerical Values in Table 5.1 and <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nAccuracy in Tables 5.1 and
Influence of Atmospheric Conditions
Sphere Gap With One Sphere Grounded <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\n100-107* <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\nAppendix 5A Range of Experimental Calibrations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
123<\/td>\nDerived from National Standards and other Sources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\nAppendix 5C Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

IEEE Standard Techniques for High Voltage Testing<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IEEE<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n1978<\/td>\n127<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":452783,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2644],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-452775","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-ieee","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/452775","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/452783"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=452775"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=452775"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=452775"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}