{"id":452758,"date":"2024-10-20T09:26:36","date_gmt":"2024-10-20T09:26:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/ieee-80-1986-3\/"},"modified":"2024-10-26T17:33:17","modified_gmt":"2024-10-26T17:33:17","slug":"ieee-80-1986-3","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/ieee\/ieee-80-1986-3\/","title":{"rendered":"IEEE 80-1986"},"content":{"rendered":"

Revision Standard – Superseded. Outdoor AC substations, either conventional or gas-insulated, are covered in this guide. Distribution, transmission, and generating plant substations are also included. With proper caution, the methods described herein are also applicable to indoor portions of such substations, or to substations that are wholly indoors. No attempt is made to cover the grounding problems peculiar to dc substations. A quantitative analysis of the effects of lightning surges is also beyond the scope of this guide.<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\nLower Soil <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\nFig <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\nFig <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n1 Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Fig <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\nRelation to Other Standards
1.3 KeyDefmitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n1.4 References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\nIF If and Of for Fault Duration tf <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nSafety in Grounding
2.1 Basic Problem <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\nGround Return Paths <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\nConditions of Danger <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\nWithout Ground Rods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\n3 Range of Tolerable Current
3.1 Effect offiequency
Effects of Magnitude and Duration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\nImportance of High-speed Fault Clearing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\nPermissible Body Current Limit
4.1 Duration Formula <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\n4.2 Alternative Assumptions
Based on a Three-Second Shock <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\nNote on Reclosing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\nAccidental Ground Circuit
Resistance of Human Body
Current Paths Through the Body <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\nAccidental Circuit Equivalents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\nStep Voltage Circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\nEffect of a Thin Surface Layer of Crushed Rock
Touch Voltage Circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\nFunction F (X) Versus X and Reflection Factor K <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\nCrushed Rock Layer Thickness h <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\nCriteria of Permissible Potential Difference
Typical Shock Situations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\nBasic Shock Situations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\nTypical Situation of External Transferred Potential <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\nStep and Touch Voltage Criteria
Typical Shock Situations for Gas-Insulated Substations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\nEffect of Sustained Ground Currents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\nTypical Metal-to-Metal Touch Situations in GIS
Range of Enclosure Voltages to Ground <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\n7 Principal Design Considerations
7.1 General Concept <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\nPrimary and Auxiliary Grounding Electrodes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\nBasic Aspects of Grid Design
Design in Difficult Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\nConnections to Grid <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\nSpecial Considerations for Gas-Insulated Substation (GIS)
8.1 GIs Characteristics
Enclosures and Circulating Currents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\nGrounding of Enclosures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\nCooperation Between GIS Manufacturer and User <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\nOther Special Aspects of GIS Grounding
Notes on Grounding of GIS Foundations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\nTouch Voltage Criteria for GIS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\nTypical Faults in GIS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\n9 Selection of Conductors and Joints
9.1 Basic Requirements
9.2 Choice of Material and Related Corrosion Problems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\n9.3 Minimum Size Formula <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\n9.4 Alternate Formulations
Table 1 Material Constants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\n9.5 Selection of Joints
Nomogram for Conductor Sizing
Table 2 Minimum per Unit Conductor Sizes (cmils\/A) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\n9.6 Additional Sizing Factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\n9.7 Final Choice of Conductor Size <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\n10 Soil Characteristics
10.1 Soil as Grounding Medium
10.2 Effect of Voltage Gradient
10.3 Effect of Current Magnitude
10.4 Effect of Moisture Temperature and Chemical Content <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\n10.5 Use of Crushed-Stone Layer
Fig 15 Soil Model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\nEffects of Moisture Temperature and Salt upon Soil Resistivity
Table 3 Typical Crushed-Stone Resistivities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\n11 Soil Structure and Selection of Soil Model
11.1 Investigation of Soil Structure
11.2 Classification of Soils and Ranges of Resistivity
11.3 Resistivity Measurements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nTable 4 Range of Earth Resistivity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\n11.4 Uniform Soil Assumption
11.5 Nonuniform Soil Assumptions
11.5.1 Two-Layer Soil Model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\n11.5.2 Comparison of Uniform and Two-Layer Soil Model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\n12 Evaluation of Ground Resistance
12.1 Usual Requirements
12.2 Simplified Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nTable 5 Typical Grid Resistances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\n12.3 Schwarz\u2122s Formula <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\n12.4 Note on Resistance of Primary Electrodes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\nChemical Treatment of Soils and Use of Bentonite <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\n12.6 Concrete-Encased Electrodes
Coefficients K and K2 of Schwarz\u2122s Formula <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\nGround Electrodes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\nGrid With Encased Vertical Electrodes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\n13 Determination of Maximum Ground Current
13.1 Procedure and Related Definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\n13.2 Types of Ground Faults <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\nFault Within Local Station; Local Neutral Grounded
Fault Within Local Station; Neutral Grounded at Remote Location <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
96<\/td>\nOther Points <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\nSubstation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\n13.3 Effect of Station Ground Resistance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\n13.4 Effect of Fault Resistance
13.5 Effect of Ground Wires and Neutral Conductors
13.6 Effect of Pipes and Cables <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\n13.7 Worst Fault Type and Location -Step (a) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\n13.8 Computation of Current Division – Step (b) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\nExample System for Computation of Current Division Factor Sf <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\n13.9 Effect of Asymmetry- Step (c) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\n13.10 Effect of Future Changes – Step (d)
Table 6 Typical Values of Df <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
109<\/td>\n14 Design of Grounding System
14.1 Design Criteria <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\n14.2 Critical Parameters
14.2.1 Grid Current (IG)
14.2.2 Fault Duration (tf) and Shock Duration t, )
14.2.3 Soil Resistivity (p)
Table 7 Typical Ratio of Corner-to-Center Mesh Voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\n14.2.4 Resistivity of Surface Layer p, )
14.2.5 Grid Geometry
Index of Design Parameters
14.4 Design Procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\nTable 8 Index of Design Parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\nDesign Procedure Block Diagram <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\nCalculation of Maximum Step and Mesh Voltages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\n14.5.1 Mesh Voltage E, )
[B68] LEE W R Death from Electrical Shock Proceedings of the IEEE vol <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\n14.5.2 Step Voltage (Es) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\nEstimate of Minimum Burried Conductor Length <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\nRefinement of Preliminary Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\nLimitations of Simplified Equations for E and E
Use of Computer Analysis in Grid Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\n15 Investigations of Transferred Potentials
15.1 Communication Circuits
15.2 Rails <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
122<\/td>\nLow-Voltage Neutral Wires
Portable Equipment and Tools Supplied from Substation
15.5 Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
123<\/td>\n15.6 Auxiliary Buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\n16 Investigation of Special Danger Points
16.1 Service Areas
16.2 Operating Handles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\n16.3 Fences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\nCable Sheath Grounding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\nGIS Bus Extensions
16.6 Surge Arresters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\nNote on Separate and Common Grounds <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
131<\/td>\n17 Notes on the Construction of a Grounding System
Ground-Grid Construction -Trench Method
Ground-Grid Construction – Conductor Plowing Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\nInstallation of Joints Pigtails and Ground Rods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\nInstallation
Safety Considerations During Subsequent Excavations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135<\/td>\n18 Field Measurements of a Constructed Grounding System
Measurements of Grounding System Impedance
18.1.1 Two-Point Method (Ammeter-Voltmeter Method)
18.1.2 Three-Point Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
136<\/td>\n18.1.3 Ratio Method
18.1.4 Staged-Fault Tests
18.1.5 Fall-of-Potential Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
137<\/td>\nSpacings \ufb01X\ufb02 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\nField Survey of Potential Contours and Touch and Step Voltages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
139<\/td>\nAssessment of Field Measurements for Safe Design
Periodic Checks of Installed Grounding System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
141<\/td>\n19 Physical Scale Models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
143<\/td>\n20 Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
153<\/td>\nMathematical Analysis of Gradient Problem <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
155<\/td>\nExperimental Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
157<\/td>\nAnalysis of Gradient Problem – Basic Mathematical Model
Table A1 KM K for Koch\u2122s Model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
158<\/td>\nper Eq A1
per EqA64
Full Model of Nonsimplifed Definition of KM E <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
160<\/td>\nGeometry for Derivation of E (1) per Eq A9
Conductors and Their Images <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
162<\/td>\nDerivation of Mesh Factor K for N 2 and h 2 4d
Geometry for Derivation of E (k) per Eq A21 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
164<\/td>\nSeries <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
165<\/td>\nNumerical Approximation of Krm 3. N) Series for h <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
168<\/td>\nCorrection for K\u2122 3. N) Series for 0 < h I 2.5 m
Development of Simplified Equations for Emesh <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
170<\/td>\nThree Identical Grids <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
171<\/td>\nStep Voltage Calculations
Conductors N <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
173<\/td>\nGrid Resistance Formula <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
174<\/td>\nFortran Routines for K K and R <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
177<\/td>\nGraphical Analysis of Square Ground Grids in Uniform Soil <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
178<\/td>\nConductor Diameter
Conductor Diameter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
179<\/td>\nConductor Diameter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
180<\/td>\nConductor Diameter
Conductor Diameter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
183<\/td>\nSample Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
184<\/td>\nSquare Grid Without Ground Rods – Example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
186<\/td>\nSquare Grid With Ground Rods – Example
Square Grid Without Ground Rods
Fig C1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
187<\/td>\nSquare Grid With Twenty 7.5 m Rods
Fig C2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
188<\/td>\nRectangular Grid With Ground Rods – Example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
189<\/td>\nRectangular Grid With Thirty-Eight 10 m Ground Rods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
190<\/td>\nExhibit
Equally Spaced Square Grid With Nine Rods in Two-Layer Soil <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
191<\/td>\nDiagonal Voltage Profile for a Grid of Fig C4 in Two-Layer Soil
Fig C5 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
192<\/td>\nUnequally Spaced Square Grid With Twenty-Five 9.144 m Rods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
193<\/td>\nExhibit
Fig C6 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
195<\/td>\nEquivalent Circuits and Calculation Notes
Basic Concepts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
196<\/td>\nElementary Coupled Circuit Concepts
Fig D1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
197<\/td>\nInternal Faults
T-Equivalent of an Ideal Transformer
Fig D2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
198<\/td>\nfrom the Fault Current Source Feed Point
Near the Fault Current Feed Point
Internal Fault Between Two Grounding Points
Fig D5 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
200<\/td>\nExample of GIS Bus Installation
Fig D6 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
202<\/td>\nExternal Faults
Equivalent Model of Ungrounded Enclosure Circuits
Fig D7 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
204<\/td>\nUngrounded Bus
Simpllfylng Concept of an Ungrounded Enclosure Loop
Fig D8 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
206<\/td>\nand Bonding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
207<\/td>\nGround Faults Within and Outside GIS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
209<\/td>\nParametric Analysis of Grounding Systems
El Uniform Soil
El.l Current Density – Grid Only
E1.2 Resistance – Grid Only <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
210<\/td>\nE1.3 Step and Touch Voltages – Grid Only
One Mesh Grid Current Density <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
211<\/td>\nE1.4 Ground Rods Only
Sixteen Mesh Grid Current Density <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
212<\/td>\nGrid and Ground Rod Combinations
E1.6 Conclusions
Four Mesh Grid Resistance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
213<\/td>\nE2
Two-Layer Soil
E2.1 Current Density – Grid Only
E2.2 Resistance – Grid Only <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
214<\/td>\nE2.3 Step and Touch Voltages – Grid Only
Sixteen Mesh Grid Resistance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
215<\/td>\nGrid Resistance Versus Grid Depth
Four Mesh Grid Touch Voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
216<\/td>\nE2.4 Ground Rods Only
Sixteen Mesh Grid Touch Voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
217<\/td>\nE2.5 Grid and Ground Rod Combinations
Four Mesh Grid Step Voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
218<\/td>\nE3 Summary
Sixteen Mesh Grid Step Voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
219<\/td>\nTouch Voltage Versus Grid Depth
Step Voltage Versus Grid Depth <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
220<\/td>\nSingle Rod Current Density
Multiple Driven Rod Current Density <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
221<\/td>\nCurrent Densities in Multiple Drive Rods
Grid Current Densities – Rods and Grid <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
222<\/td>\nRod Current Densities – Rods and Grid
Rod and Grid Current Density-9 Rods and Grid in Two-Layer Soil <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
223<\/td>\nRod and Grid Current Density-9 Rods and Grid in Two-Layer Soil <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
224<\/td>\nTable El Touch Voltages for Multiple Driven Rods
Two-Layer Soil <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
225<\/td>\nAlphabetical Index of Definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
227<\/td>\nAuxiliary Information
Bibliography Not Cited in Text
G1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
236<\/td>\nAbstracts of References Not Readily Available
G2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
243<\/td>\nAppendixes H- J English Translations of Selected Papers
Fundamental Considerations on Ground Currents
Appendix H <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
287<\/td>\nTechniques <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
299<\/td>\nJan 1973 pp 295 – <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
349<\/td>\nGrounded Neutrals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IEEE<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n1986<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":452768,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2644],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-452758","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-ieee","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/452758","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/452768"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=452758"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=452758"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=452758"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}