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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2<\/td>\n | undefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 4<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 7<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | INTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | 4 Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 5 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 6 Requirements of the measurement system 6.1 Apparatus configuration 6.2 Measurement water tank 6.3 Fixing, positioning and orientation systems 6.4 Reflector 6.5 Current monitor (probe) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 6.6 Oscilloscope 6.7 Measurement hydrophone 7 Measurement of the effective half-aperture of the spherically curved transducer 7.1 Setup 7.2 Alignment and positioning of the hydrophone in the field 7.3 Measurements of the beamwidth and the effective half-aperture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 7.4 Calculations of the focus half-angle and the effective area 8 Measurements of the electroacoustical parameters and the acoustic output power 8.1 Self-reciprocity method for transducer calibration 8.1.1 Experimental procedures 8.1.2 Criterion for checking the linearity of the focused field <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 8.1.3 Criterion for checking the reciprocity of the transducer 8.2 Calculations of the transmitting response to current (voltage) and voltage sensitivity 8.3 Calculations of the transmitting response at geometric focus to current (voltage) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 8.4 Calculation of the pulse-echo sensitivity level 8.5 Measurements of the radiation conductance and the mechanical quality factor Qm 8.5.1 Calculations of the acoustic output power and the radiation conductance 8.5.2 Measurement of the frequency response of the radiation conductance 8.6 Measurement of the electroacoustic efficiency 8.6.1 Calculation of the electric input power <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 8.6.2 Calculation of the electroacoustic efficiency 8.7 Measurement of the electric impedance (admittance) 9 Measurement uncertainty <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | Annexes Annex A (informative) Relation of the average amplitude reflection coefficient on a plane interface of water-stainless steel and the focus half-angle for a normally incident beam of a circular spherically curved transducer [6],[7] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | Tables Table A.1 \u2013 Parameters used in calculation of the average amplitude reflection coefficient Table A.2 \u2013 Amplitude reflection coefficient r(\u03b8i) on a plane interface of water-stainless steel for plane wave for various incident angles \u03b8i <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | Figures Figure A.1 \u2013 Relation curve of the amplitude reflection coefficient r(\u03b8i) on the interface of water-stainless steel for a plane wave with the incident angle \u03b8i Table A.3 \u2013 Average amplitude reflection coefficient rav(\u03b2) on plane interface of water-stainless steel in the geometric focal plane of a spherically curved transducer for various focus half-angles \u03b2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | Figure A.2 \u2013 Average amplitude reflection coefficient rav(\u03b2) on the plane interface of water-stainless steel in the geometric focal plane of a spherically curved transducer plotted against the focus half-angle \u03b2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | Annex B (informative) Diffraction correction coefficient Gsf in the free-field self-reciprocity calibration method for circular spherically curved transducers in water neglecting attenuation [7],[8],[9] Table B.1 \u2013 Diffraction correction coefficients Gsf of a circular spherically curved transducer in the self-reciprocity calibration method [7],[8],[9] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | Annex C (informative) Calculation of the diffraction correction coefficient Gsf(R\/\u03bb,\u03b2) in the free-field self-reciprocity calibration in a non-attenuating medium for a circular spherically curved transducer [7],[8],[9],[10] Figure C.1 \u2013 Geometry of the concave radiating surface A of a spherically curved transducer and its virtual image surface A\u2032 for their symmetry of mirror-images about the geometric focal plane (x,y,0) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | Annex D (informative) Speed of sound and attenuation in water D.1 General D.2 Speed of sound for propagation in water [14] D.3 Acoustic attenuation coefficient for propagation in water Table D.1 \u2013 Dependence of speed of sound in water on temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | Table D.2 \u2013 Dependence of \u03b1 \/f\u200a2 in water on temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | Annex E (informative) Principle of reciprocity calibration for spherically curved transducers [7],[8],[9],[16],[17],[18],[19] E.1 Principle of reciprocity calibration for an ideal spherically focused field of a transducer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | E.2 Principle of reciprocity calibration of a real spherically focused field of a transducer E.3 Self-reciprocity calibration of a spherically curved transducer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | Figure E.1 \u2013 Spherical coordinates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | Figure E.2 \u2013 Function Ga(kasin\u03b8), diffraction pattern F0(kasin\u03b8) andF02(kasin\u03b8) in the geometric focal plane [10] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | Table E.1 \u2013 Ga values dependent on kasin\u03b8 for \u03b2 \u2264 45\u00b0 where x = kasin\u03b8 (according to O’Neil [10]) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | Table E.2 \u2013 The (R\/\u03bb)min values dependent on \u03b2 when \u03b8max \u2265 and \u03b2 \u2264 45\u00b0 for Ga = 0,94; 0,95; 0,96; 0,97; 0,98; 0,99 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | Annex F (informative) Experimental arrangements F.1 Experimental arrangement for determining the effective radius of a transducer [7],[8],[9],[24] F.2 Experimental arrangement of the self-reciprocity calibration method for a spherically curved transducer [8],[9],[24],[25] Figure F.1 \u2013 Scheme of the measurement apparatus for determining the effective half-aperture of a transducer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | Figure F.2 \u2013 Scheme of free-field self-reciprocity method applied to a spherically curved transducer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | Annex G (informative) Relationships between the electroacoustical parameters used in this application [24] G.1 Relationship between the free-field transmitting response to voltage (current) and the voltage sensitivity with the radiation conductance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | G.2 Relationship between the radiation conductance and the electroacoustic efficiency G.3 Relationship between the transmitting response and voltage and acoustic output power G.4 Relationship between the pulse echo sensitivity and the radiation conductance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | Annex H (informative) Evaluation and expression of uncertainty in the measurements of the radiation conductance H.1 Executive standard H.2 Evaluation of uncertainty in the measurement of the radiation conductance H.2.1 Mathematical expression H.2.2 Type A evaluation of standard uncertainty <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | H.2.3 Type B evaluation of standard uncertainty <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | Table H.1 \u2013 Type B evaluation of the standard uncertainties (SU) of input quantities in measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | H.2.4 Evaluation of the combined standard uncertainty for the radiation conductance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | Table H.2 \u2013 Components of the standard uncertainty for the measurement of the radiation conductance using the self-reciprocity method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | Table H.3 \u2013 The measurement results and evaluated data of uncertainty for five transducers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | Annex I (informative) Measurement range for power and pressure and examples of electroacoustical parameters obtained I.1 Measurement range of acoustic pressure and power I.1.1 Lower limit of acoustic power I.1.2 Upper limit of pressure [27] Figure I.1 \u2013 The acoustic power as the function of the excitation voltage squared for a 10 MHz spherically curved transducer with backing of diameter 8 mm and curvature 25 mm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | I.2 Calibrated example of electroacoustical parameters I.2.1 1 MHz focusing transducer with air backing of diameter 80 mm and focal length 200 mm Figure I.2 \u2013 Results of a 1 MHz focusing transducer with a diameter of 60 mm and focal length of 75 mm measured using the self-reciprocity method Figure I.3 \u2013 Frequency responses of G, |SIf|, |M|, \u03b7a\/e for a 1 MHz spherical transducer of diameter 80 mm and focal length 200 mm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | I.2.2 5 MHz focusing transducer with air backing of diameter 20 mm and focal length 20 mm Figure I.4 \u2013 Frequency responses of G, |SIf|, |M|, \u03b7a\/e for a 5 MHz spherical transducer of diameter 20 mm and focal length 20 mm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ultrasonics. Measurements of electroacoustical parameters and acoustic output power of spherically curved transducers using the self-reciprocity method<\/b><\/p>\n |