{"id":430085,"date":"2024-10-20T07:21:35","date_gmt":"2024-10-20T07:21:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/ashrae-loadcalculationapplicationsmanual-2ndedition-2014\/"},"modified":"2024-10-26T14:00:25","modified_gmt":"2024-10-26T14:00:25","slug":"ashrae-loadcalculationapplicationsmanual-2ndedition-2014","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/ashrae\/ashrae-loadcalculationapplicationsmanual-2ndedition-2014\/","title":{"rendered":"ASHRAE LoadCalculationApplicationsManual 2ndEdition 2014"},"content":{"rendered":"

This second edition of Load Calculation Applications Manual, available in both I-P and SI units, is an in-depth, applications-oriented reference that provides clear understanding of the state-of-the-art in heating and cooling load calculation methods, plus the tools and resources needed to implement them in practice. Updates for this edition reflect changes in the 2013 ASHRAE Handbook\u2013Fundamentals, including lighting, materials, and equipment used in buildings today, as well as new methods available since the first edition. New internal heat gain data for office equipment New methods and data for the effects of internal shading on solar heat gains New data on heat gains from kitchen equipment, based on experimental measurements New weather data for more than 6,000 stations worldwide A new ASHRAE clear-sky model, applicable worldwide Improved methods for generating design day temperature profiles A major revision of thermal properties data for building materials This essential engineering reference begins with an overview of heat transfer processes in buildings and a discussion of how they are analyzed together to determine the HVAC load. Later chapters give in-depth coverage of the radiant time series method (RTSM) and heat balance method (HBM) theory and application, systems and psychrometrics, and heating loads, with extensive, step-by-step examples. With this book comes access to spreadsheets for computing cooling loads with the RTSM and calculating the solar irradiation, conduction time factor series, and radiant time factors used in the method. The spreadsheets can be adapted to compute cooling loads for a wide range of buildings.<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\n1.1 Definition of a Cooling Load
1.2 The Basic Design Questions
2. How do the heating\/cooling requirements vary spatially within the building? <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\n1.3 Overview of the ASHRAE Load Calculation Methods
1.3.1 Models and Reality
1.3.2 The Heat Balance Method
2. Wall conduction process
3. Inside face heat balance
1.3.3 The Radiant Time Series Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\nFigure 1.1 Schematic of heat balance process in a zone. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nFigure 1.2 Schematic of the radiant time series method.
1.4 Organization of the Manual
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n2.1 Conduction\u2014Steady State <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\nFigure 2.1 A single-layer plane wall. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\nFigure 2.2 A multilayer wall.
Example 2.1 Wall Heat Loss <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\nFigure 2.3 Multilayer wall analysis based on electrical analogy.
Example 2.2 Series Resistances
Example 2.2 Series Resistances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n2.2 Thermal Storage and Transient Conduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\nExample 2.3 Thermal Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n2.3 Convection
Example 2.4 Convection
2.4 Radiation\u2014Long Wave and Short Wave <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\nFigure 2.4 Electrical analogy with distributed thermal capacitance.
Figure 2.5 Comparison of transient and quasi-steady-state conduction heat gain calculations. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nExample 2.5 Radiation
2.5 Combined Convection and Radiation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\n2.6 The First Law of Thermodynamics\u2014Heat Balance
Figure 2.6 Exterior surface heat balance. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n3.1 Thermal Property Data\u2014Walls and Roofs
3.1.1 Thermal Properties of Building and Insulation Materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\nTable 3.1 Typical Thermal Properties of Common Building and Insulating Materials\u2014Design Valuesa <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\nTable 3.2 Effective Thermal Resistance of Plane Air Spaces,a,b,c h \u00b7 ft2 \u00b7 \u00b0F\/Btu <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n3.1.2 Surface Conductance and Resistances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\nTable 3.3a Emittance Values of Various Surfaces and Effective Emittances of Air Spacesa
Table 3.4 Surface Film Coefficients\/Resistances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\n3.2 Calculating Overall Thermal Resistance
Example 3.1 Overall Thermal Resistance
Example 3.1 Overall Thermal Resistance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\n3.3 Thermal and Optical Property Data\u2014Fenestration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\nTable 3.5a Design U-Factors of Swinging Doors in Btu\/h \u00b7 ft2 \u00b7 \u00b0F
Table 3.5b Design U-Factors for Revolving Doors in Btu\/h \u00b7 ft2 \u00b7 \u00b0F <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\nTable 3.5c Design U-Factors for Double-Skin Steel Emergency Exit Doors in Btu\/h \u00b7 ft2 \u00b7 \u00b0F
Table 3.5d Design U-Factors for Double-Skin Steel Garage and Aircraft Hangar Doors in Btu\/h \u00b7 ft2 \u00b7 \u00b0F
Table 3.6a U-Factors for Various Fenestration Products in Btu\/h \u00b7 ft2 \u00b7 \u00b0F <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\nTable 3.6b U-Factors for Various Fenestration Products in Btu\/h \u00b7 ft2 \u00b7 \u00b0F <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\nTable 3.7 Visible Transmittance (Tv), Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), Solar Transmittance (T ), Front Reflectance (R f ), Back Reflectance (Rb ), and Layer Absorptances (A) for Glazing and Window Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\nTable 3.8 Angle Correction Factors for SHGC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\nTable 3.9a IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Uncoated Single Glazings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\nTable 3.9b IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Uncoated Double Glazings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\nTable 3.9c IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Coated Double Glazings with 0.2 Low-E <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\nTable 3.9d IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Coated Double Glazings with 0.1 Low-E <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\nTable 3.9e IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Double Glazings with 0.05 Low-E <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nTable 3.9f IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Triple Glazing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nTable 3.9g IAC Values for Draperies, Roller Shades, and Insect Screens <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\nFigure 3.1 Geometry of Slat-Type Sunshades <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\nFigure 3.2 Designation of drapery fabrics. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nFigure 3.3 Drapery fabric properties.
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\nFigure 3.4 Drapery fabric geometry, <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\n4.1 Indoor Design Conditions
4.2 Outdoor Design Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\n2b. Daily temperature range for hottest month, \u00b0F (defined as mean of the difference between daily maximum and daily minimum dry- bulb temperatures for hottest month [column 2a]) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\nTable 4.1 Design Conditions for Atlanta, Georgia <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\n4.2.1 Cooling Load Design Conditions
4.2.2 Daily Temperature Profiles for Cooling Load Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\nTable 4.2 Fraction of Daily Temperature Range
Table 4.3 Coefficients for Equation 4.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\n4.2.3 Heating Load Design Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
105<\/td>\n4.2.4 Data for Ground Heat Transfer
Figure 4.1. Approximate groundwater temperatures (\u00b0F) in the continental United States.
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\nFigure 4.2. Ground temperature amplitude. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\nTable 4.4 Design Conditions for Chicago, Illinois <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\nTable 4.5 Design Conditions for Dallas, Texas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
109<\/td>\nTable 4.6 Design Conditions for Los Angeles, California <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\nTable 4.7 Design Conditions for New York City, New York <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\nTable 4.8 Design Conditions for Seattle, Washington <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\n5.1 Infiltration and Outdoor Ventilation Air Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\n5.2 Determination of Pressure Differences
5.2.1 Pressure Difference Due to Stack Effect <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\nFigure 5.1 Winter stack effect showing theoretical pressure difference versus height. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nFigure 5.2 Winter stack effect showing actual pressure difference versus height for a 12-story building.
5.2.2 Pressure Difference Due to Wind Effect <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\nFigure 5.3 Pressure difference due to stack effect.
Figure 5.4 Variation of surface-averaged wall pressure coefficients for low-rise buildings. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\nFigure 5.5 Surface-averaged wall pressure coefficients for tall buildings (Akins et al. 1979).
Figure 5.6 Surface-averaged roof pressure coefficients for tall buildings (Akins et al. 1979). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\nTable 5.1 Atmospheric Boundary Layer Parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
120<\/td>\n5.2.3 Pressure Difference Due to Building Pressurization
Example 5.1 Estimating Building Pressure Differences
Figure 5.7 Building orientation and wind direction for Example 5.1. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
123<\/td>\n5.3 Infiltration Through Building Envelope <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\n5.3.1 Curtain Wall Infiltration per Floor or Room
Table 5.2 Curtain Wall Classification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\nExample 5.2 Infiltration Through Curtain Wall\u2014High Rise
Figure 5.8. Curtain wall infiltration for one room or one floor. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\n5.3.2 Crack Infiltration for Doors and Movable Windows <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\nFigure 5.9 Window and door infiltration characteristics.
Table 5.3 Windows Classification
Table 5.4 Residential-Type Door Classification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\n5.3.3 Infiltration Through Commercial-Type Doors
Figure 5.10 Infiltration through closed swinging door cracks.
Figure 5.11 Swinging door infiltration characteristics with traffic. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\nFigure 5.12 Flow coefficient dependence on traffic rates. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\nFigure 5.13 Infiltration through seals of revolving doors not revolving.
Figure 5.14 Infiltration for motor-operated revolving door.
Figure 5.15 Infiltration for manually operated revolving door. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
131<\/td>\nExample 5.3 Infiltration Through Swinging Commercial-Type Door <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\n5.4 Infiltration for Low-Rise Buildings
Figure 5.16 Airflow coefficient for automatic doors (Yuill et al. 2000). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\nExample 5.4 Infiltration Through Revolving Doors
Example 5.5 Design Infiltration Rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
134<\/td>\nFigure 5.17 Northwest corner zone with two exterior fa\u00e7ades. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
139<\/td>\nTable 6.1 Representative Rates at Which Heat and Moisture Are Given Off by Human Beings in Different States of Activity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
141<\/td>\nTable 6.2 Lighting Power Densities Using the Space-by-Space Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
145<\/td>\nFigure 6.1 Lighting heat gain parameters for recessed fluorescent luminaire without lens.
Table 6.3 Lighting Heat Gain Parameters for Typical Operating Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
147<\/td>\nTable 6.4 Minimum Nominal Full-Load Efficiency for 60 HZ NEMA General Purpose Electric Motors (Subtype I) Rated 600 Volts or Less (Random Wound) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
148<\/td>\nTable 6.5a Recommended Rates of Radiant and Convective Heat Gain from Unhooded Electric Appliances During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
149<\/td>\nTable 6.5b Recommended Rates of Radiant Heat Gain from Hooded Electric Appliances During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions
Table 6.5c Recommended Rates of Radiant Heat Gain from Hooded Gas Appliances During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
150<\/td>\nTable 6.5d Recommended Rates of Radiant Heat Gain from Hooded Solid Fuel Appliances During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions
Table 6.5e Recommended Rates of Radiant and Convective Heat Gain from Warewashing Equipment During Idle (Standby) or Washing Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
151<\/td>\nTable 6.6 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Medical Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
152<\/td>\nTable 6.7 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Laboratory Equipment
Table 6.8 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Computer Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
153<\/td>\nTable 6.9 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Laser Printers and Copiers
Table 6.10 Recommended Heat Gain from Miscellaneous Office Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
154<\/td>\nTable 6.11 Recommended Load Factors for Various Types of Offices
Example 6.1 Heat Gain from Occupants
Example 6.2 Heat Gain from Lights for Single Room <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
155<\/td>\nExample 6.3 Heat Gain from Motor-Driven Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
156<\/td>\nExample 6.4 Heat Gain from Restaurant Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
157<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
158<\/td>\n7.1 Assumptions and Limitations of the RTSM
2. Exterior surface heat balance\u2014the RTSM replaces the exterior surface heat balance by assuming that the exterior surface exchanges heat with an exterior boundary condition known as the sol-air temperature. The heat exchange is governed by the sur… <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
159<\/td>\nFigure 7.1 Overview of the RTSM for a single zone.
7.2 Overview of the RTSM <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
160<\/td>\n7.3 Computation of Solar Irradiation and Sol-Air Temperatures
Table 7.1 Solar Irradiation, Atlanta, July 21 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
161<\/td>\nTable 7.2 Sol-Air Temperatures, Atlanta, July 21
7.4 Computation of Conductive Heat Gains from Opaque Surfaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
162<\/td>\nFigure 7.2 Conduction time series factors for light and heavy walls.
7.4.1 Obtaining CTSFs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
163<\/td>\nTable 7.3a Wall Conduction Time Series Factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
164<\/td>\n7.5 Computation of Fenestration Heat Gains <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
165<\/td>\nTable 7.3b Wall Conduction Time Series (CTS) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
166<\/td>\nTable 7.4 Roof Conduction Time Series (CTS) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
167<\/td>\nTable 7.5 Thermal Properties and Code Numbers of Layers Used in Wall and Roof Descriptions for Tables 7.3a, 7.3b, and 7.4 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
168<\/td>\nExample 7.1 Conduction Heat Gain
Example 7.1 Conduction Heat Gain
Table 7.6 Example Wall <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
169<\/td>\nTable 7.7 Computer and Tabulated CTSFs (%) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
170<\/td>\nFigure 7.3 Hourly conduction heat gains using three different sets of CTSFs.
Table 7.8 Intermediate Values and Conduction Heat Gains for Wall in Example 7.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
171<\/td>\nTable 7.9 Angle Correction Factors for SHGC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
172<\/td>\n2. If exterior shading exists, determine sunlit area and shaded area, as described in Appendix D. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
173<\/td>\nExample 7.2 Solar Heat Gain Calculation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
176<\/td>\n7.6 Computation of Internal and Infiltration Heat Gains
7.7 Splitting Heat Gains into Radiative and Convective Portions
7.8 Conversion of Radiative Heat Gains into Cooling Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
177<\/td>\nTable 7.10 Recommended Radiative\/Convective Splits for Internal Heat Gains <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
178<\/td>\nTable 7.12 Representative Solar RTS Values for Light to Heavy Construction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
179<\/td>\nTable 7.11 Representative Nonsolar RTS Values for Light to Heavy Construction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
180<\/td>\nTable 7.13 Representative Zone Construction for Tables 7.11 and 7.12
Figure 7.4 RTFs (solar) for three zones. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
181<\/td>\nExample 7.3 RTF Determination
Figure 7.5 ASHRAE headquarters building office plan view. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
182<\/td>\nFigure 7.6 Elevation views of the ASHRAE headquarters building.
Table 7.14 Summary of Constructions for Example 7.3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
184<\/td>\nFigure 7.7 RTF generation input parameters with inside areas for Example 7.3 (ASHRAE headquarters building office).
Figure 7.8 Nonsolar RTFs for Example 7.3. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
185<\/td>\nFigure 7.9 Solar RTFs for Example 7.3.
Table 7.15 Office Surface Areas
Example 7.4 Cooling Load Calculation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
186<\/td>\n7.9 Implementing the RTSM
Table 7.16 Summary of Results for the Four Sets of RTFs Developed in Example 7.3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
187<\/td>\n2. Based on the number of panes, the normal SHGC, and the U-factor and window description provided by the manufacturer, determine the appropriate window types and resulting angle correction factors from Table 7.9 or 3.8.
3. Determine RTFs for the zone. There are two approaches:
4. Calculate hourly solar irradiation incident on each exterior surface and the hourly sol-air temperature for each surface using the methodology described in Appendix D and demonstrated in the spreadsheet 7-1-solar.xls.
5. Compute hourly conductive heat gains from exterior walls and roofs using Equation 7.2 for each hour and the 24 hourly values of sol-air temperature. This is demonstrated in the spreadsheet Example 7.1 Conduction.xls.
6. Compute hourly heat gains from fenestration. This includes: <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
188<\/td>\nFigure 7.10 Space radiant heat gain and cooling load for Example 7.4.
7. Compute hourly internal heat gains from occupants, equipment, and lighting, based on peak heat gains and schedules determined in the initial data-gathering phase.
8. Compute infiltration heat gains based on the procedures described in Chapter 5.
9. Split all heat gains into radiative and convective portions using the recommendations in Table 7.10.
10. Convert radiative portion of internal heat gains to hourly cooling loads using Equation 7.5. The beam solar heat gain will be converted using the solar RTFs; all other heat gains will be converted with the nonsolar RTFs.
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
190<\/td>\n2. Second, the case with light-colored venetian blinds (Section 8.4) is considered.
8.1 Building Overview
8.2 Office Details <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
191<\/td>\nFigure 8.1 Floor plan for the first floor (not to scale). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
192<\/td>\nFigure 8.2 Floor plan for the second floor (not to scale). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
193<\/td>\nFigure 8.3 East\/west elevations, elevation details, and perimeter section (not to scale). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
194<\/td>\nFigure 8.4 Elevation views of the building. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
195<\/td>\nFigure 8.5 Office plan view.
Figure 8.6 Comparison of zone-sensible cooling loads, with and without light-colored venetian blinds. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
196<\/td>\nTable 8.1 Office Construction Data
Table 8.2a Surface Geometry, Absorptance, and Boundary Condition
Table 8.2b Window Area and Optical Properties
Table 8.2c Window and External Shading Geometry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
198<\/td>\n8.3 Office Example\u2014 RTSM
2. Computation of heat gains
3. Splitting of heat gains into radiative and convective components
4. Conversion of radiative heat gains to cooling loads
8.3.1 Selection of Coefficients and Determination of Environmental Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
199<\/td>\nTable 8.3 CTSFs for Office Constructions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
200<\/td>\nTable 8.4 Radiant Time Factors for the Office
Table 8.5 Angle Correction Factors for Window <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
201<\/td>\n8.3.2 Computation of Heat Gains <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
202<\/td>\nTable 8.6 Incident Solar Radiation for Office Exterior Surfaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
203<\/td>\nTable 8.7 Air Temperatures and Sol-Air Temperatures for Office Exterior Surfaces
Table 8.8 Conduction Heat Gains for Opaque Exterior Surfaces, Btu\/h <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
205<\/td>\nTable 8.9 Fenestration Conduction Heat Gains <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
206<\/td>\nTable 8.10a Solar Heat Gain Calculations for the Southwest-Facing Windows, Part 1
Table 8.10b Solar Heat Gain Calculations for the Southwest-Facing Windows, Part 2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
207<\/td>\nTable 8.11a Solar Heat Gain Calculations for the Southeast-Facing Windows, Part 1
Table 8.11b Solar Heat Gain Calculations for the Southeast-Facing Windows, Part 2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
208<\/td>\nTable 8.12 Internal Heat Gain Schedules <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
209<\/td>\nTable 8.13 Internal Heat Gains, Btu\/h <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
210<\/td>\nTable 8.14 Infiltration Heat Gains
Table 8.15 Summary of Sensible Heat Gains to Room, Without Interior Shading, Btu\/h <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
211<\/td>\nTable 8.16 Latent Heat Gains and Cooling Loads, Btu\/h <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
212<\/td>\n8.3.3 Splitting of Sensible Heat Gains into Radiative and Convective Components
Table 8.17 Radiative Components of the Heat Gains, Btu\/h <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
213<\/td>\nTable 8.18 Convective Components of the Heat Gains, Btu\/h
8.3.4 Conversion of Radiative Heat Gains to Cooling Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
214<\/td>\nTable 8.19 Radiative Components of the Cooling Load, Btu\/h
8.3.5 Summation of Cooling Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
215<\/td>\nTable 8.20 Component-by-Component Breakdown of the Room Cooling Load, Btu\/h (without Interior Shading)
8.4 RTSM Calculation with Light-Colored Venetian Blinds <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
216<\/td>\nTable 8.21 Return Air Cooling Load and System Cooling Load, Btu\/h (without Interior Shading) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
217<\/td>\nTable 8.22 Solar Heat Gains with Light-Colored Venetian Blinds
Table 8.23 Radiative and Convective Components of Solar Heat Gains with Light-Colored Venetian Blinds <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
218<\/td>\nTable 8.24 Cooling Load Components with Light-Colored Venetian Blinds, Btu\/h <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
219<\/td>\n8.5 RTSM Calculation with Separate Treatment of Return Air Plenum
8.5.1 Computation of Air Temperature in the Return Air Plenum <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
220<\/td>\nTable 8.25 UA Values for the Return Air Plenum <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
222<\/td>\nTable 8.26 Summary of Heat Balance Calculation
8.5.2 Computation of Cooling Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
223<\/td>\nTable 8.27 Heat Gains Associated with the Return Air Plenum
8.6 Summary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
224<\/td>\nTable 8.28 Room Sensible Cooling Load Components, Btu\/h
Reference <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
225<\/td>\nTable 8.29 System Sensible Cooling Loads, Btu\/h <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
226<\/td>\n9.1 Classical Design Procedures
Example 9.1 Cooling and Dehumidification Process
Example 9.1 Cooling and Dehumidification Process <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
227<\/td>\nFigure 9.1 Cooling and dehumidifying system.
Figure 9.2 Psychrometric processes for Example 9.1. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
230<\/td>\n9.1.1 Fan Power
Example 9.2 Sensible Heat Gain <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
231<\/td>\nFigure 9.3a Psychrometric processes showing effect of fans and heat gain.
Figure 9.3b Fan effect with blow-through configuration. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
232<\/td>\n9.1.2 Ventilation for Indoor Air Quality
Example 9.3 Required Outdoor Air
9.1.3 Cooling and Heating Coils <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
233<\/td>\nTable 9.1 Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Zone <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
234<\/td>\nFigure 9.4 Schematic of recirculating system. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
235<\/td>\nFigure 9.5 Comparison of coil processes.
Figure 9.6 Comparison of coil processes with variable rates. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
236<\/td>\nExample 9.4 Bypass Factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
237<\/td>\nFigure 9.7 Simple evaporative-cooling system.
9.1.5 Space Heating <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
238<\/td>\nFigure 9.8 Psychrometric diagram for evaporative-cooling system of Figure 9.7.
Figure 9.9 Combination evaporative\/regular-cooling system.
Figure 9.10 Psychrometric diagram of Figure 9.9. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
239<\/td>\n9.1.6 All Outdoor Air
Example 9.5 Coil Specification
Figure 9.11 Heating system with preheat of outdoor air.
Figure 9.12 Psychrometric diagram of Figure 9.11. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
240<\/td>\nFigure 9.13 All-outdoor-air system.
Figure 9.14 Psychrometric diagram of all-outdoor-air system. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
241<\/td>\n9.2 Off-Design (Nonpeak) Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
242<\/td>\nFigure 9.15a Processes for off-design VAV system operation. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
243<\/td>\nFigure 9.15b Processes for off-design face and bypass system operation.
Figure 9.15c Processes for off-design variable water flow system operation.
Example 9.6 Coil for VAV System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
244<\/td>\nFigure 9.16 Psychrometric processes for Example 9.6.
9.2.1 Reheat System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
245<\/td>\nFigure 9.17 Simple constant-flow system with reheat.
Example 9.7 Reheat System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
246<\/td>\nFigure 9.18 Psychrometric processes for Example 9.7.
Figure 9.19 Psychrometric processes for Example 9.8.
9.2.2 Coil Bypass System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
247<\/td>\nExample 9.8 Coil Bypass
9.2.3 Dual-Duct System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
248<\/td>\nFigure 9.20 Schematic of dual-duct system.
Figure 9.21 Psychrometric processes for dualduct system of Figure 9.20.
9.2.4 Economizer Cycle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
249<\/td>\nFigure 9.22 Psychrometric processes for economizer cycle.
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n10.1 Heating Load Using Cooling Load Calculation Procedures
2. It is generally assumed that there are no internal heat gains (e.g., people, lights, equipment), and these may be set to zero by the user.
3. Constant outdoor temperatures are assumed; this may be done by setting the daily range to zero. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
251<\/td>\n10.2 Classic Heat Loss Calculations
2. Select the indoor design conditions to be maintained (Chapter 4).
3. Estimate the temperature in any adjacent unheated spaces.
4. Select the transmission coefficients (Chapter 3) and compute the heat losses for walls, floors, ceilings, windows, doors, and foundation elements.
5. Compute the heat load caused by infiltration and any other outdoor air introduced directly to the space (Chapter 5).
10.2.1 Outdoor Design Conditions
10.2.2 Indoor Design Conditions
10.2.3 Calculation of Transmission Heat Losses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
252<\/td>\nFigure 10.1 Heat flow from below-grade surfaces. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
253<\/td>\nFigure 10.2 Ground temperature amplitudes for North America.
Figure 10.3 Below-grade depth parameters. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
254<\/td>\nTable 10.1 Average U-Factors for Basement Walls with Uniform Insulation
Table 10.2 Average U-Factors for Basement Floors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
255<\/td>\nTable 10.3 Heat Loss Coefficient Fp of Slab Floor Construction
10.2.4 Infiltration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
256<\/td>\n10.2.5 Heat Losses in the Air Distribution System
10.2.6 Auxiliary Heat Sources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
257<\/td>\n10.3 Heating Load Calculation Example
10.3.1 Room Description and Design Conditions
Table 10.4 Exterior Surfaces
10.3.2 Heating Load without Floor Losses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
258<\/td>\nTable 10.5 Exterior, Above-Grade Surface Heat Losses
10.3.3 Heating Load with Slab-on-Grade Floor Losses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
259<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
260<\/td>\nFigure 11.1 Schematic of surface heat balance.
11.1 Outside Face Heat Balance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
261<\/td>\n11.2 Wall Conduction Process <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
262<\/td>\nFigure 11.2 Conduction terms of the surface heat balance. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
263<\/td>\n11.3 Inside Face Heat Balance
2. Convection to the room air
3. Shortwave radiant absorption and reflection
Figure 11.3 Inside face heat balance.
11.3.1 Conduction, qki <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
264<\/td>\n11.3.2 Internal Radiation Modeling
11.3.3 Transmitted Solar Radiation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
265<\/td>\n11.3.4 Convection to Zone Air
11.4 Air Heat Balance
11.4.1 Convection from Surfaces
11.4.2 Convective Parts of Internal Loads, qCE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
266<\/td>\n11.4.3 Infiltration, qIV
11.5 A Framework for the Heat Balance Procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
267<\/td>\nFigure 11.4 Schematic view of general heat balance zone.
11.6 Implementing the Heat Balance Procedure
11.6.1 The Heat Balance Equations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
268<\/td>\n11.6.2 Overall HBM Iterative Solution Procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
269<\/td>\n2. Calculate incident and transmitted solar fluxes for all surfaces and hours.
3. Distribute transmitted solar energy to all inside faces, for all 24 hours.
4. Calculate internal load quantities, for all 24 hours.
5. Distribute longwave (LW), shortwave (SW), and convective energy from internal loads to all surfaces for all 24 hours.
6. Calculate infiltration and ventilation loads for all 24 hours.
7. Iterate the heat balance according to the following pseudo-code scheme:
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
271<\/td>\nFigure A.1 ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart 1 (ASHRAE 1992).
A.1 Basic Data and Standard Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
272<\/td>\nA.2 Basic Moist Air Processes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
274<\/td>\nTable A.1 Standard Atmospheric Data for Altitudes to 30,000 ft
Table A.2 Specific Volume of Moist Air, ft3\/lba <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
275<\/td>\nFigure A.2 Sensible heating and cooling process. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
276<\/td>\nExample A.1 Sensible Heating <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
277<\/td>\nFigure A.3 Cooling and dehumidifying process. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
278<\/td>\nExample A.2 Cooling
Example A.2 Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
280<\/td>\nFigure A.4 Humidification processes without heat transfer.
Example A.3 Heating and Humidification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
281<\/td>\nFigure A.5 Typical heating and humidifying process. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
282<\/td>\nExample A.4 Mixing
Figure A.6 Adiabatic mixing process. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
284<\/td>\nFigure A.7 Evaporative cooling process.
Example A.5 Evaporative Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
286<\/td>\nExample A.6 Air Supply Rate
Figure A.8 Space-conditioning psychrometric process. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
287<\/td>\nA.3 Processes Involving Work and Lost Pressure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
288<\/td>\nTable A.3 Air Temperature Rise Caused by Fans, \u00b0F <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
289<\/td>\nFigure A.9 Psychrometric processes showing effect of fans.
A.4 Heat Transfer in the Air Distribution System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
290<\/td>\nExample A.7 Duct Losses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
291<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
292<\/td>\nB.1 Overview <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
293<\/td>\nB.2 Office Example\u2014 RTSM Spreadsheet <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
294<\/td>\nFigure B.1 The master input worksheet. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
295<\/td>\nFigure B.2 Location selection from the location library. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
297<\/td>\nFigure B.3 Internal heat gain inputs on master input worksheet. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
298<\/td>\nFigure B.4 Fenestration and shading inputs.
Figure B.5 Zone input as derived from the master input worksheet. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
299<\/td>\nFigure B.6 Zone input\u2014the surface details. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
300<\/td>\nFigure B.7 The master input worksheet showing buttons for cooling load calculations. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
301<\/td>\nFigure B.8 The Zone 1 worksheet that shows the beginning of the intermediate calculations.
2. Compute sol-air temperature for each surface (rows 121:144).
3. Determine U-factor (row 148) and CTSFs for each construction (rows 149:172). The CTSFs are calculated by VBA subroutines that execute when one of the cooling load calculation buttons is pressed. The CTSFs are written directly to these cells by the…
4. Conduction heat gains are calculated (rows 178:201).
5. For windows, determine sunlit area fraction (rows 205:228).
6. For windows, determine beam (rows 233:256) and diffuse (rows 261:284) solar heat gains. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
302<\/td>\nFigure B.9 Visual basic editor showing Solar_Beam function in solar module.
7. Based on user-defined schedules and peak heat gains, find hourly sensible and latent internal heat gains (rows 290:313).
8. Determine hourly infiltration loads (rows 319:342).
9. Sum heat gains from different types of surfaces (e.g., walls) and split all heat gains into radiative and convective portions (rows 348:371).
10. Compute solar and nonsolar RTFs (rows 375:398). Like the CTSFs, they are calculated by VBA subroutines and written directly to the appropriate cells.
11. Apply the RTFs to the radiant heat gains and compute cooling loads due to radiant and convective heat gains (rows 403:428). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
303<\/td>\nFigure B.10 Cooling loads for July design day, first part.
B.3 Description of Input Parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
304<\/td>\nFigure B.11 Cooling loads for July design day, second part.
Figure B.12 Zone sensible cooling loads for July 21. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
305<\/td>\nFigure B.13 Summary of peak cooling load, which occurs in September.
B.3.1 Master Input Worksheet Parameters
B.3.2 Input Parameters in the Zone Sheets
B.4 Intermediate Results on Zone Worksheets
B.5 Results: Zone Design Day Cooling Load
B.6 Results: Zone Monthly-Hourly Cooling Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
306<\/td>\nTable B.1 Site: Location and Design Weather Conditions
Table B.2 Units and Site: Altitude and Barometric Pressure
Table B.3 Conduction Heat Gain: Radiative and Convective Fractions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
307<\/td>\nTable B.4 Inside Design Conditions
Table B.5 Fractions to Return Air
Table B.6 Internal Heat Gains
B.7 Results: Building Monthly-Hourly Cooling Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
308<\/td>\nTable B.7 Fenestration Solar Heat Gain
Table B.8 Internal Heat Gain Schedules
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
309<\/td>\nTable B.9 Location and Design Weather Conditions
Table B.10 Units and Site: Altitude and Barometric Pressure
Table B.11 Zone Infiltration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
310<\/td>\nTable B.12 Inside Design Conditions
Table B.13 Fraction to Return Air
Table B.14 Conduction Heat Gain: Radiative and Convective Fractions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
311<\/td>\nTable B.15 Internal Heat Gains
Table B.16 Fenestration Solar Heat Gain <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
312<\/td>\nTable B.17 Internal Heat Gain Schedules
Table B.18 Zone Geometry, Surface Construction, and Properties
Table B.19 Window Geometry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
313<\/td>\nTable B.20 Zone Intermediate Results, Part I <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
314<\/td>\nTable B.21 Zone Intermediate Results, Part II <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
315<\/td>\nTable B.22 Zone Intermediate Results, Part III <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
316<\/td>\nTable B.23 Design Day Cooling Load Summary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
317<\/td>\nTable B.24 Zone Hourly Cooling Load Summary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
318<\/td>\nTable B.25 Building Monthly-Hourly Cooling Load Summary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
320<\/td>\nC.1 CTSF Generation
C.2 CTSF Generation\u2014Spreadsheet Implementation
C.3 RTF Generation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
321<\/td>\nFigure C.1 CTSF generation spreadsheet inputs.
C.4 RTF Generation\u2014Spreadsheet Implementation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
322<\/td>\nFigure C.2 CTSFs generated by spreadsheet.
2. Surface name is at the discretion of the user.
3. Facing angle is degrees clockwise from north.
4. Tilt angle is degrees above horizontal.
5. Surface area is in square feet (I-P) or square meters (SI).
6. Longwave emissivities are used to estimate radiation distributions.
7. All boundary conditions should be set to TA.
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
323<\/td>\nFigure C.3 Input parameters for RTF generation. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
324<\/td>\nFigure C.4 Sample RTF output. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
326<\/td>\nD.1 Solar Angle Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
327<\/td>\nTable D.1 Approximate Astronomical Data for the 21st Day of Each Month <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
328<\/td>\nFigure D.1 Solar angles. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
329<\/td>\nD.2 ASHRAE Clear-Sky Model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
330<\/td>\nD.3 Solar Irradiation on Surfaces
D.4 Exterior Shading of Fenestration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
331<\/td>\nTable D.2 Solar Reflectances of Foreground Surfaces
Figure D.2 Shading for vertical and horizontal projections. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
332<\/td>\nFigure D.3 Solar input data.
D.5 Sol-Air Temperature Calculation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
333<\/td>\nD.6 Spreadsheet Implementation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
334<\/td>\nFigure D.4 Solar irradiation and sol-air temperature calculation input user form interface. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
335<\/td>\nTable D.3 Input Parameter Descriptions
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
336<\/td>\nFigure D.5 Tables for Gage, Oklahoma. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
338<\/td>\nE.1 Equivalent Homogeneous Layer Model
E.2 Steady-State R-Value <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
339<\/td>\nE.3 EHL Step-by-Step Procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
340<\/td>\n3. Thermal conductivity of the EHL is obtained by dividing the thickness of the EHL with the resistance of the EHL. The thickness of the EHL is equal to the thickness of the composite layer or the total thickness minus the thickness of the homogenous…
4. Density of the EHL is determined from densities of the components of the composite layers and the corresponding volume fractions. The product sum of the volume fraction and densities of the components in the composite layer yields the EHL density …
Example E.1 Steel Stud Wall <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
341<\/td>\nExample E.1 Steel Stud Wall
Figure E.1 Steel stud wall with exterior brick finish. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
342<\/td>\nTable E.1 Thermophysical Properties of the Layers for Example E.1
Table E.2 Layer Resistances\u2014Isothermal Plane Method
Table E.3 Layer Resistances\u2014Parallel Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
344<\/td>\nTable E.4 Thermophysical Properties of the EHL Wall for Example E.1
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
346<\/td>\n2. The construction of the building, specifically the thermal mass, may be important in considering whether a transient heat balance is needed. If there is significant thermal mass between the outside and the uncontrolled space, a steady-state heat b… <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
347<\/td>\nExample F.1 Unheated Mechanical Room
Example F.1 Unheated Mechanical Room
Figure F.1 Plan view of building with uncontrolled mechanical room. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
348<\/td>\nTable F.1 U-Factors and Areas for Example F.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
350<\/td>\nF.1 Additional Heat Transfer Paths <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
352<\/td>\nG.1 Computation of Dimensionless Conductance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
353<\/td>\nG.2 Splitting Heat Gains into Radiative and Convective Portions
G.3 Correction of the Radiant Time Factor Series
Example G.1 Correction Factor
Table G.1 Recommended Radiative\/Convective Splits for Internal Heat Gains <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
354<\/td>\nFigure G.1 Comparison of sensible cooling loads, with and without consideration of losses; 39% of the facade is glazed. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
355<\/td>\nFigure G.2 Comparison of sensible cooling loads, with and without consideration of losses; 95% of the facade is glazed.
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Load Calculation Applications Manual, 2nd Edition – IP<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ASHRAE<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2014<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":430095,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2719],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-430085","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-ashrae","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/430085","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/430095"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=430085"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=430085"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=430085"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}