This Published Document provides a framework for developing a rational methodology for design using a fire safety engineering approach through the application of scientific and engineering principles to the protection of people, property and the environment from fire. This Published Document considers the following issues:<\/p>\n
the conditions that lead to fire spread beyond the enclosure of fire origin (see also Annex A);<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
the selection of design fires depending on the objectives of the assessment (see also Annex B);<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
the thermal and mechanical response of the enclosure boundaries and its structure to the fire conditions (see also Annex C and Annex D);<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
the impact of the anticipated thermal and mechanical responses on adjacent enclosures and spaces; and<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
the structural responses of loadbearing elements and their effect on structural stability, load transfer and acceptable damage according to the design and purpose of the building (see also Annex E and Annex F).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Annex G provides a methodology for establishing the extended application of fire resistance test results.<\/p>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6<\/td>\n | Foreword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 4 Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | 5 Design approach to PD 7974-3 5.1 General 5.2 Interaction with BS 7974 framework Figure 1 \u2014 Interaction between the various professions and the design team in addressing PD 7974-3 factors 5.3 Functional objectives <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 5.4 Identification of fire hazards and possible consequences 5.5 Identification of acceptance criteria and appropriate methods of analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 5.6 Establishing trial fire safety designs 5.7 Establish fire scenarios for analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 5.8 Analysis Figure 2 \u2014 Procedure for analysis within PD 7974-3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 6 Analysis methods 6.1 General 6.2 Basis of analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 6.3 Accuracy 6.4 Means <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 6.5 Measures 7 Evaluation of fire conditions 7.1 Design fire characterization 7.2 Selection of design fires <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | Figure 3 \u2014 Gas temperature in non-combustible and combustible compartments [8] 8 Evaluation of thermal response 8.1 Thermal response of elements within enclosure 8.2 Empirical data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 8.3 Simplistic calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 8.4 Advanced calculations 8.5 Quantitative analysis of heat flow by conduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | 8.6 Quantitative analysis of heat flow by convection 8.7 Quantitative analysis of heat flow by radiation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | 8.8 Characterizing the condition of fires spreading from openings in enclosures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | 9 Behaviour of separating elements in fire 9.1 Behaviour of fire-resisting separating elements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | 9.2 Maintaining the separating capability of elements or constructions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | Figure 4 \u2014 Typical detail showing protection to a floor beam with a service penetration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | 9.3 Behaviour of non-fire-resisting separating elements Table 1 \u2014 Notional period of fire endurance for which imperforate condition can be assumed for unproven elements subject to fire exposure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | 10 Analysis of structural response of loadbearing structural elements and frames 10.1 Concepts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | Table 2 \u2014 Partial safety factors for loads (PD 6688-1-2:2007, Table 1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | 10.2 Acceptance criteria <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | 10.3 Methods for determining structural response <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | Figure 5 \u2014 Maximum steel temperature concept Table 3 \u2014 Values of kb <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | Figure 6 \u2014 General approach to structural fire safety design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 57<\/td>\n | Annex A (informative)\u2002 Fire spread mechanisms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | Figure A.1 \u2014 Routes for fire transmission <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 61<\/td>\n | Annex B (informative)\u2002 Design fires <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | Annex C (informative)\u2002 Heat transfer (and thermal response) of specific materials Table C.1 \u2014 Guidance on the material surface emissivity of construction materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 63<\/td>\n | Figure C.1 \u2014 Configuration factors for typical scenarios <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 68<\/td>\n | Figure C.2 \u2014 Calculation of section factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 69<\/td>\n | Table C.2 \u2014 Calculation of element factors (EF) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 70<\/td>\n | Figure C.3 \u2014 Calculation of element factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 71<\/td>\n | Table C.3 \u2014 Typical set of coating thicknesses for a profile non-reactive spray-applied protection system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 72<\/td>\n | Figure C.4 \u2014 Typical set of board thicknesses for a box encasement fire protection system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 75<\/td>\n | Figure C.5 \u2014 Compartment parameters Table C.4 \u2014 Location of columns between windows to avoid direct flame impingement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 76<\/td>\n | Figure C.6 \u2014 Spandrel beam with shielded flanges Table C.5 \u2014 Spandrel beams <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 79<\/td>\n | Figure C.7 \u2014 Calculation methods for determining the temperature profiles though masonry elements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 80<\/td>\n | Figure C.8 \u2014 Temperature gradient through autoclaved concrete masonry with a density of 400 kg\/m3 to 800 kg\/m3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 85<\/td>\n | Annex D (informative)\u2002 Temperature-dependent properties of non-loadbearing construction systems \u2014 Thermal properties of materials used in composite sandwich panels Table D.1 \u2014 Comparison of expansion of materials used in composite sandwich panels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 86<\/td>\n | Table D.2 \u2014 Comparison of specific heat capacity of materials used in composite sandwich panels Table D.3 \u2014 Thermal conductivity for various densities of mineral (rock) wool at elevated temperatures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 87<\/td>\n | Figure D.1 \u2014 Thermal conductivity for various densities of mineral (rock) wool at elevated temperatures Table D.4 \u2014 Constants for calculating the thermal conductivity of mineral wool at elevated temperatures Table D.5 \u2014 Thermal conductivity of cellular glass <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 88<\/td>\n | Table D.6 \u2014 Thermal conductivity of expanded polystyrene Table D.7 \u2014 Thermal conductivity of extruded polystyrene Table D.8 \u2014 Thermal conductivity of phenolic foam Table D.9 \u2014 Thermal conductivity of polyisocyanate foam Table D.10 \u2014 Thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foam <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 89<\/td>\n | Table D.11 \u2014 Thermal conductivity through the cell gas for various blowing gases Table D.12 \u2014 Typical densities of core materials used in sandwich panels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 90<\/td>\n | Annex E (informative)\u2002 Structural response of specific materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 91<\/td>\n | Figure E.1 \u2014 Design methods for fire limit state (FLS) design adopted in BS EN 1992\u20111\u20112 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 93<\/td>\n | Figure E.2 \u2014 Principle design methodologies adopted in BS EN 1993\u20111\u20112 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 98<\/td>\n | Figure E.3 \u2014 Schematic representation of the compressive and tensile forces of a floor zone during fire <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 99<\/td>\n | Figure E.4 \u2014 Illustration of the defection of a multi-zone composite floor system with protected and unprotected members <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 100<\/td>\n | Figure E.5 \u2014 Illustration of catenary action developed in a multi\u2013zone composite floor system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 103<\/td>\n | Table E.1 \u2014 Notional char depths for various species after 30 min and 60 min in the standard furnace test (BS 476\u201120) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 104<\/td>\n | Table E.2 \u2014 Values of kfi for different components\/elements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 105<\/td>\n | Figure E.6A \u2014 Definition of residual cross-section and effective cross-section <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 106<\/td>\n | Figure E.6B \u2014 Relationship between k0 and time of fire exposure for unprotected surfaces, and for protected surfaces where tch \u2264 20 min Figure E.6C \u2014 Relationship between k0 and time of fire exposure for protected surfaces where tch >20 min Table E.3 \u2014 Determination of k0 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 107<\/td>\n | Figure E.7 \u2014 Equations (E.17) to (E.19) illustrated <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 113<\/td>\n | Annex F (informative)\u2002 Fire resistant load bearing structural solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 115<\/td>\n | Annex G (informative)\u2002 Methodology for establishing the extended application of fire resistance test results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 122<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings – Structural response to fire and fire spread beyond the enclosure of origin (Sub-system 3)<\/b><\/p>\n |