IEEE 45.1-2023

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IEEE Recommended Practice for Electrical Installations on Shipboard–Design (Published)

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	2023

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Description

Revision Standard – Active. Recommendations for the design of electrical power generation, distribution, propulsion, loads systems, and equipment on merchant, commercial, and naval vessels are covered in this document.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	IEEE Std 45.1-2023 front cover
2	Title page
4	Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents
8	Participants
10	Introduction
11	Contents
16	1. Overview 1.1 Introduction
17	1.2 Scope 1.3 Purpose 1.4 Word usage 1.5 Application of various national and international standards 1.6 Equipment construction, testing, and certification
18	2. Normative references
23	3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions
31	3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations
33	4. System engineering 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Design baseline
34	4.3 Product design 4.4 Product baseline
35	5. Power system characteristics 5.1 Electrical power systems architectures 5.1.1 Radial architecture
36	5.1.2 Zonal architecture
38	5.1.3 Hybrid architectures 5.2 Standard distribution system types 5.3 Nominal system voltage
40	5.4 Standard frequency 5.5 Selection of voltage and system type
41	5.6 AC power system characteristics
42	5.7 DC power systems characteristics
44	5.8 Key electrical power system design inputs 5.8.1 Electric plant load analysis 5.8.2 Ship consumer equipment locations 5.9 Quality of service (QoS) 5.9.1 Introduction 5.9.2 Service interruption
45	5.9.3 Reconfiguration time (t1) 5.9.4 Generator start time (t2) 5.9.5 Mean time between service interruptions 5.9.6 QoS categories 5.9.6.1 Uninterruptible load 5.9.6.2 Short-term interrupt load
46	5.9.6.3 Long-term interrupt loads 5.9.6.4 Exempt loads 5.10 Electrical power system concept of operation (EPS-CONOPS)
47	5.11 Marine environmental conditions 5.11.1 Normal environmental conditions 5.11.2 Abnormal environmental conditions
48	6. Electrical power system elements 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Power generation
49	6.3 Power distribution 6.3.1 General
50	6.3.2 Primary bus 6.3.3 Distribution bus 6.3.4 Secondary bus 6.3.5 Special bus 6.4 Power conversion 6.5 Energy storage
51	6.6 Electrical power system supervisory control 6.6.1 General 6.6.2 Power system interface device (PSID)
52	6.7 Loads 6.7.1 General 6.7.2 Uncontrolled load 6.7.3 Controlled load 6.7.4 Large loads 7. Power system design 7.1 Power generation and energy storage capacities 7.1.1 General recommendations
53	7.1.2 Nonintegrated ship service power and propulsion power systems 7.1.3 Integrated power systems (IPSs) 7.1.4 Special cases
54	7.2 Power conversion and transformer ratings 7.3 Emergency power 7.3.1 General
55	7.3.2 Emergency generators
56	7.3.3 Emergency energy storage 7.3.4 Emergency power distribution system
57	7.3.5 Emergency switchboard configuration
58	7.3.6 Temporary emergency power 7.3.7 Temporary emergency circuits
59	7.3.8 Final emergency circuits 7.3.9 Time factor for supply of emergency power
60	7.4 Safety 7.5 Power quality and harmonics
62	7.6 Autonomous and remote control functions 7.7 Insulation system design 7.7.1 Creepage and clearance
63	7.7.2 Coordinated insulation design
64	7.8 Design life and removal routes
65	8. Electrical power generation 8.1 General 8.2 Installation and location 8.2.1 General
66	8.2.2 Air intakes 8.2.3 Engine exhaust 8.3 Generator set prime movers 8.3.1 Prime mover sizing and performance
67	8.3.2 Lubrication 8.3.3 Diesel engine generator set 8.3.3.1 Diesel engine prime mover
68	8.3.3.2 Diesel engine-generator controls
69	8.3.4 Gas turbine generator set 8.3.4.1 Gas turbine prime mover 8.3.4.2 Gas turbine generator controls
70	8.3.5 Steam turbine generator sets 8.3.6 Prime mover speed control system (governor) 8.3.6.1 General
71	8.3.6.2 Mechanical governors 8.3.6.3 Hydraulic-mechanical governors 8.3.6.4 Electronic governors 8.3.7 Engine starters 8.3.8 Shutdown valve 8.3.9 Ignition systems
72	8.4 Generators 8.4.1 General 8.4.2 Selection and sizing
73	8.4.3 Generator design
76	8.4.4 Terminal arrangements and incoming cables 8.4.5 Heaters 8.4.6 Nameplates
77	8.4.7 Voltage regulation
78	8.4.8 Generator metering and protection 8.4.9 Variable speed generators for use with rectifiers
79	8.5 Fuel cells 9. Power distribution 9.1 General 9.2 Circuit elements
80	9.3 Shore power 9.3.1 General 9.3.2 Nameplate
82	9.4 Demand factors 9.4.1 General 9.4.2 Lighting, interior communications, and electronics circuits 9.4.3 Galley circuits 9.4.4 Individual and multiple motor circuits
83	9.4.5 Other circuits 9.5 Voltage drop 9.5.1 General 9.5.2 Feeder and branch circuit continuity 9.5.3 Feeder connections 9.6 Lighting distribution 9.6.1 Lights controlled from the navigating bridge
84	9.6.2 Machinery space lighting 9.6.3 Cargo space lighting 9.6.4 Accommodation space lighting
85	9.6.5 Two-wire device connections 9.7 Delivery power feeders 9.8 Branch circuits 9.8.1 General 9.8.2 Heating and cooking equipment
86	9.8.3 Motors 9.8.4 Fixed appliances 9.8.5 Receptacles 9.8.6 Lighting
87	9.9 Circuit designation
90	9.10 Distribution equipment 9.10.1 Distribution panels
91	9.10.2 Circuit breakers 9.10.3 Wire lugs and connectors 9.10.4 Feeder box fittings 9.10.5 Branch box fittings
92	9.10.6 Connection box fittings 9.10.7 Shore connection boxes 9.10.8 Feeder, branch, and connection boxes 9.10.8.1 General 9.10.8.2 Boxes exposed to weather
93	9.10.8.3 Molded composition boxes 9.10.8.4 Minimum box wall thickness 9.10.8.5 Metallic box creepage and clearance 9.10.8.6 Stuffing tube bosses/pads 9.10.8.7 Box covers
94	9.10.8.8 Watertight boxes 9.10.8.9 Box locations 9.10.9 Receptacles, plugs, and switches—non-watertight 9.10.9.1 General
95	9.10.9.2 Receptacles 9.10.9.3 Plugs 9.10.9.4 Switches 9.10.9.5 Connections
96	9.10.9.6 Locations 9.10.10 Receptacles, plugs, and switches other than non-watertight 9.10.10.1 General 9.10.10.2 Connections
97	9.10.10.3 Location 9.10.10.4 Terminal and stuffing tubes 9.10.11 Multi-cable penetrators 9.10.12 Bolts, taps, and threads 9.10.13 Power factor correction capacitors
98	9.10.14 Surge Protective Devices 9.11 Embarked vehicle power
99	10. Power conversion 10.1 Power electronics 10.2 Transformers 10.2.1 General
100	10.2.2 Installation and location 10.2.3 Type, number, and rating 10.2.3.1 General
102	10.2.3.2 Wye-wye transformers 10.2.3.3 Wye-delta transformers 10.2.3.4 Delta-wye transformers 10.2.3.5 Delta-delta transformers 10.2.3.6 Multi-winding transformers 10.2.4 Voltage regulation 10.2.5 Parallel operation
103	10.2.6 Temperature rise 10.2.7 Terminals and connections 10.2.8 Nameplates
104	11. Energy storage 11.1 General 11.2 Specific applications 11.2.1 Controls 11.2.2 Instrumentation
105	11.2.3 Standby power applications 11.2.4 Buffer applications 11.2.5 Bulk energy storage 11.3 Rechargeable storage batteries 11.3.1 General
106	11.3.2 Type of batteries
108	11.3.3 Selection and assembly 11.3.3.1 Battery selection 11.3.3.2 Battery assembly
109	11.3.4 Battery size categories 11.3.4.1 Large batteries 11.3.4.2 Moderate-sized batteries 11.3.4.3 Small batteries 11.3.5 Battery installation recommendations 11.3.5.1 General
110	11.3.5.2 Cables 11.3.5.3 Large battery installation 11.3.5.4 Moderate-sized battery installation 11.3.5.5 Small battery installation
111	11.3.6 Battery arrangement 11.3.6.1 General 11.3.6.2 Battery trays and racks 11.3.6.3 Battery storage lining
112	11.3.7 Ventilation 11.3.7.1 General 11.3.7.2 Battery rooms 11.3.7.3 Battery lockers
113	11.3.7.4 Battery boxes 11.3.7.5 General equipment rooms, electrical rooms, and other areas 11.3.7.6 Large battery installation ventilation 11.3.7.7 Moderate-sized and small battery installation ventilation
114	11.3.8 Battery rating 11.3.9 Charging facilities 11.3.10 Overload protection
115	11.3.11 Lithium battery application
116	11.4 Flywheels 11.5 Supercapacitors 12. Voice communication systems
117	13. Motor and motor application 13.1 General application 13.2 AC and DC motors—General
118	13.3 Selection 13.3.1 Three-phase motor voltages 13.3.2 Single-phase ac motor voltages 13.3.3 Supply voltage 13.4 Installation and location
119	13.5 Insulation of windings 13.6 Locked rotor kVA 13.7 Efficiency 13.8 Lubrication
120	13.9 Terminal arrangements 13.10 Corrosion-resistant parts 13.11 Nameplates 13.12 Ambient temperature
121	13.13 Limits of temperature rise
122	13.14 Motor application 13.14.1 General 13.14.2 AC motors 13.14.3 DC motors 13.14.4 Ventilating fan and blower motors 13.14.5 Pump motors
123	13.14.6 Refrigerated spaces 13.14.7 Galley, laundry, workshop, print shop, and similar spaces 13.14.8 Applications in hazardous locations 13.14.9 Deck machinery motors 13.15 Duty rating
124	13.16 Steering gear motors 13.16.1 AC motors 13.16.2 DC motors 13.17 Motor brakes 13.17.1 Introduction 13.17.2 Types
125	13.17.3 AC brakes 13.17.4 DC brakes 13.17.5 Accessibility 13.17.6 Enclosures 13.17.6.1 General 13.17.6.2 Open type 13.17.6.3 Drip proof enclosed 13.17.6.4 Watertight enclosed
126	13.17.7 Construction 13.17.8 Nameplate 13.17.9 Brake application
127	13.18 Magnetic friction clutches 13.18.1 General 13.18.2 Nameplate 13.19 Bearing discharge energy due to common-mode voltage
128	14. Variable frequency drive (VFD) applications
129	15. Electric propulsion and maneuvering system 15.1 Scope
130	15.2 Regulations 15.3 System requirements 15.3.1 General 15.3.2 Redundancy 15.3.3 Safety
131	15.4 Propulsion drive transformers
132	15.5 Propulsion motors 15.5.1 General
134	15.5.2 Propulsion motor excitation 15.5.3 AC propulsion motors 15.5.4 DC propulsion motors 15.6 Propulsion motor drives
136	15.7 Propulsion control 15.8 Podded propulsion 15.8.1 General 15.8.2 Steering system 15.8.3 Shaft, bearing, sealing systems, and propellers 15.8.4 Auxiliary systems
137	15.8.5 Electrically powered pods 15.8.5.1 Electric motor 15.8.5.2 Power transmission system 15.8.5.3 Ventilation and cooling unit 15.9 Propulsion cables 15.10 Propulsion equipment location
138	15.11 Ventilation 15.12 Bed-plates and foundations 15.13 Lubrication
139	16. Steering systems 16.1 General 16.2 Navigating bridge installation 16.3 Power supply 16.4 Alarm system
140	16.5 Steering gear 16.5.1 General 16.5.2 Feeder circuits
141	16.5.3 Direct-drive steering gear 16.6 Steering control systems 16.6.1 General 16.6.2 Steering control system installation
142	16.6.3 Steering indication and alarm system 16.6.4 Steering failure alarm system
143	17. Lighting equipment 17.1 General 17.2 Location 17.3 Provisions for portable lighting
144	17.4 Permanent watertight fixtures 17.5 Permanent non-watertight fixtures 17.6 High-intensity discharge lamp fixtures 17.7 Lighting for hazardous locations
145	17.8 Illumination 17.8.1 General 17.8.2 Lighting for cargo handling 17.8.3 Lighting for lifeboat and life raft area 17.9 Searchlights 17.9.1 General
146	17.9.2 Construction and installation 17.9.3 Lifeboat searchlights 17.10 Emergency lighting 17.11 Nameplates
147	17.12 Solid state lighting (SSL) 17.12.1 Introduction 17.12.2 SSL LED system design features for shipboard application 17.13 Navigation lights and signal lights 17.13.1 General 17.13.2 Navigation lights 17.13.3 Signaling lights
148	17.13.4 Navigation light indicator panel 18. Whistle and siren control systems 19. Heating equipment 19.1 Construction
149	19.2 Heating elements 19.3 Control switches
150	19.4 Temperature 19.5 Nameplates 19.6 Electrical heat trace (EHT) 20. Galley equipment and workshop equipment 20.1 Electric cooking equipment 20.1.1 Construction
151	20.1.2 Mounting 20.1.3 Electric power 20.1.4 Heating elements
152	20.1.5 Wiring 20.1.6 Controls
153	20.1.7 Range tops and griddles 20.1.8 Ovens and broilers
154	20.1.9 Fry kettles 20.2 Motor-driven equipment 20.3 Nameplates
155	21. Electrical power system protection 21.1 Overview 21.2 Electrical power system protection elements 21.2.1 Fault detection and classification 21.2.2 Fault localization 21.2.3 Fault isolation
156	21.2.4 System reconfiguration 21.3 Electrical power system protection design 21.3.1 General
157	21.3.2 Conductors 21.3.3 AC systems
159	21.3.4 DC systems 21.3.5 Fault-current calculations and overcurrent protective devices 21.3.6 Fixture wires and cords 21.3.7 Motor branch circuits 22. System studies, analyses, and reports 22.1 General
160	22.2 Electric plant load analysis (EPLA) 22.3 Load flow analysis and voltage drop analysis
161	22.4 Dynamic analysis (transient and stability) 22.4.1 Background
162	22.4.2 Articulation of working stability criteria
163	22.4.3 Recommended dynamic analyses/stability assessments 22.5 Fault current analysis
164	22.6 Harmonic and frequency analysis
166	22.7 Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) 22.8 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) analysis
167	22.9 Thermal analysis 22.10 Electrical power system data for the life-cycle cost analysis 22.11 Electrical power system data for the signature analysis 22.12 Safe return to port/survivability analysis 22.13 Future power growth assessment 22.14 Protective device coordination study
168	22.15 Grounding system design report 22.16 Electrical power system corrosion control report 22.17 Electrical power system input to ship’s weight report 22.18 Electrical power system section of the master equipment list
169	22.19 Electrical power system input to endurance fuel calculations 22.20 Incident energy analysis 23. EMI/EMC/RFI 24. Materials 24.1 Corrosion-resistant parts
170	24.2 Flame-retardant materials 24.3 Brittle material 24.4 Cable selection, application, and installation 24.5 Electrical components
171	25. Power system grounding (earthing) 25.1 General 25.2 Power system grounding
174	25.3 Grounding resistors and transformers 25.4 Connection point of system grounding 25.4.1 AC system grounding
175	25.4.2 DC system grounding 25.4.3 Merging separately derived systems 25.5 Equipment grounding 25.5.1 General
176	25.5.2 Equipment grounding methods
177	25.5.3 Grounding of portable equipment 25.6 Ground plates on nonmetallic ships 25.7 Lightning protection grounding 25.8 Stray current protection—Cathodic protection
178	25.9 Ground-fault detection 25.10 Condensation prevention 26. Arc flash management
181	27. Hazardous locations, installations, and equipment 27.1 General 27.2 Hazardous area classification 27.2.1 Overview
182	27.2.2 NEC and CE Code division classification systems 27.2.2.1 Types of explosive atmosphere 27.2.2.2 Likelihood that the explosive atmosphere is present
183	27.2.2.3 Ignition-related properties of the explosive atmosphere 27.2.2.4 Maximum surface temperature of equipment
184	27.2.3 NEC and CE Code zone classification systems 27.2.3.1 Types of explosive atmosphere 27.2.3.2 Likelihood that the explosive atmosphere is present
185	27.2.3.3 Ignition-related properties of the explosive atmosphere
186	27.2.3.4 Maximum surface temperature of equipment 27.3 Area classification for various vessel types 27.3.1 Introduction
187	27.3.2 All vessels—General 27.3.3 Tank vessels and barges
188	27.3.4 Vehicle carriers and roll-on/roll-off vessels 27.3.5 Mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs) 27.3.6 Coal carriers
189	27.3.7 Dry bulk carriers other than coal carriers 27.4 Hazardous locations equipment protection techniques
194	27.5 Hazardous locations equipment markings 27.5.1 NEC and CE Code division classification systems 27.5.2 NEC and CE Code zone classification systems
195	27.6 Approved equipment
196	27.7 Equipment installation 27.7.1 Wiring methods 27.7.2 Ventilation fans 27.7.3 Belt drives 27.7.4 Battery installations 27.7.5 Paint storage or mixing spaces 27.7.6 Vehicle spaces 27.7.7 Tank vessels 27.7.7.1 Distribution systems
197	27.7.7.2 Combustible liquid cargo with a closed cup flashpoint of 60 °C or higher 27.7.7.3 Flammable or combustible liquid cargo with a closed cup flashpoint below 60 °C (including bulk liquefied gas carriers), ammonia, liquid sulfur carriers, and inorganic acid carriers 27.7.7.4 Bulk carbon disulfide 27.7.7.5 Bulk liquefied gas or ammonia 27.7.8 Submerged cargo pumps 27.7.9 Lighting for cargo handling rooms
198	27.7.10 Branch circuits for hazardous spaces 27.7.11 Ungrounded distribution systems 27.7.12 Vessels carrying coal 28. Ship construction and outfitting 28.1 Storage and installation
199	28.2 Spare parts 28.3 Documentation 28.4 Testing 29. System operation and maintenance 29.1 Fire extinguishing precautions
200	29.2 Rotating machine cleanliness 29.3 Care of idle apparatus 29.4 Safety 29.5 Total waveform distortion measurements
201	29.6 Cathodic protection sacrificial anodes
202	Annex A (informative) Bibliography
203	Annex B (normative) Electric plant load analysis B.1 Operating conditions
204	B.2 Groupings B.3 Load factors
206	B.4 Margins B.5 Load analysis summary
211	Annex C (informative) Common-mode fundamentals C.1 Introduction C.1.1 Common-mode voltage and current overview
212	C.1.2 Common-mode equivalent models
213	C.2 Definitions and reference selection
214	C.3 Neutral point
215	C.4 Common-mode current
218	C.5 Common-mode voltage source
222	C.6 Relationship of common-mode voltages and currents to dq0 transformation C.7 Common-mode modeling
225	C.8 Impact of asymmetry on common-mode voltages
227	C.9 Impact of multiple current paths on common-mode currents
228	C.10 Impact of grounding method on common-mode currents
229	C.11 Managing common-mode currents and voltages
230	C.12 Cable neutral conductors
231	C.13 Impact of ground faults on common-mode voltages and currents
232	C.14 References
234	Annex D (informative) Utilizing Thévenin circuits for common-mode evaluation of power electronic systems D.1 Introduction D.2 Thévenin modeling of power converters D.2.1 Background
235	D.2.2 Limitations of approach D.3 Characterizing TECs D.3.1 Hardware setup
237	D.3.2 Parameter extraction
238	D.4 Worst-case system level CM/DM behavior
239	D.5 References
240	Back cover