IEEE 141-1986

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IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants (IEEE Red Book)

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	1986

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Description

New IEEE Standard – Superseded. A thorough analysis of basic electrical-systems considerations is presented. Guidance is provided in design, construction, and continuity of an overall system to achieve safety of life and preservation of property; reliability; simplicity of operation; voltage regulation in the utilization of equipment within the tolerance limits under all load conditions; care and maintenance; and flexibility to permit development and expansion. Recommendations are made regarding system planning; voltage considerations; surge voltage protection; system protective devices; fault calculations; grounding; power switching, transformation, and motor-control apparatus; instruments and meters; cable systems; busways; electrical energy conservation; and cost estimation.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
14	13.8 kV Feeder E G and J and 480 V Bus 1,2 and
19	Table
21	30t
27	ANSI/IEEE C67.12.01-1979
36	1 Introduction 1.1 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1.2 IEEE Meetings and Publications 1.3 Standards Recommended Practices and Guides
37	1.4 IEEE Standards Documents
38	Standards 1.6 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standards 1.7 Underwriters Laboratories Inc (UL) Standards 1.8 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
39	1.9 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 1.10 Environmental Considerations 1.11 Edison Electric Institute (EEI) 1.1 2 Handbooks
40	1.13 Periodicals
41	1.14 Manufacturers™ Data Fig
42	2 System Planning 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic Design Considerations 2.2.1 Safety 2.2.2 Reliability Fig
43	2.2.3 System Reliability Analysis 2.2.4 Reliability Data for Electrical Equipment 2.2.5 Reliability Analysis and Total Owning Cost Fig
44	2.2.6 Simplicity of Operation 2.2.7 Voltage Regulation 2.2.8 Maintenance 2.2.9 Flexibility 2.2.10 fist cost 2.3 Planning Guide for Distribution Design 2.3.1 Load Survey 2.3.2 Demand Fig
45	2.3.3 Systems Fig
46	Simple Radial System
47	Expanded Radial System Fig
48	Primary Selective System Primary Loop System Fig
49	Fig
50	Typical Configurations Load Center Substations Fig
51	2.3.4 Equipment Locations Secondary Spot Network
52	2.3.5 Voltage 2.3.6 Utility Service Ring Bus System Fig
53	2.3.7 Generation Fig
54	2.3.8 One-Line Diagram 2.3.9 Short-circuit Analysis 2.3.10 Protection
55	2.3.11 Expansion
56	Power Supply Planning Considerations Fig
58	Typical Main Primary Distribution Arrangements Fig
59	2.3.12 Other Requirements 2.3.13 Safety
60	2.3.14 Communications 2.3.15 Maintenance
61	2.4 References Fig 95t 95t 95t
62	2.5 Bibliography
64	3 Voltage Considerations 3.1 General 3.1.1 Definitions
65	States Application of Voltage Classes Voltage Systems Outside of the United States
66	Voltages of Table
67	Standard Nominal System Voltages and Voltage Ranges
69	Voltage Standard for Canada Voltage Control in Electric Power Systems Utility Systems System
70	System Voltage
71	ANSI C84.1-1982
72	Regulated Power Distribution System 120 V Base Table
74	System Voltage Tolerance Limits System Voltage Profile of Limits of Range A ANSI C84.1-1982
75	3.2.5 System Voltage Nomenclature
76	Nonstandard Nominal System Voltages ANSI C84.1-1982
77	Table 3 Nominal System Voltages
78	Standard Nominal System Voltages in the United States Voltage
79	Table 1 Range A in Volts Tolerance Limits for Low-Voltage Three-phase Motors in Volts Table Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts in Volts
80	3.3 Voltage Selection Selection of Low-Voltage Utilization Voltages
81	Distribution Line __
82	High-Voltage Transmission Lines
83	Voltage Ratings for Low-Voltage Utilization Equipment
84	Nameplate Voltage Ratings of Standard Induction Motors Table
85	Utilization Equipment 3.5.1 General Effects 3.5.2 Induction Motors 3.5.3 Synchronous Motors 3.5.4 Incandescent Lamps
86	Fig Induction-Motor Characteristics
87	3.5.5 Fluorescent Lamps Metal Halide) 3.5.7 Infrared Heating Processes Effect of Voltage Variations on Incandescent Lamps Table
88	3.5.8 Resistance Heating Devices 3.5.9 Electron Tubes 3.5.10 Capacitors 3.5.1 1 Solenoid-Operated Devices 3.5.12 Solid-state Equipment Secondary Distribution System Power Source
89	Voltage Drop Limits Fig
90	Improvement of Voltage Conditions System Power Source Locations
91	Phase-Voltage Unbalance in Three-phase Systems 3.8.1 Causes of Phase-Voltage Unbalance 3.8.2 Measurement of Phase-Voltage Unbalance 3.8.3 Effect of Phase-Voltage Unbalance Fig
92	Voltage Dips and Flicker Table 11 Effect of Phase-Voltage Unbalance on Motor Temperature Rise
94	Versus Time
95	Harmonics 3.10.1 Nature of Harmonics 3.10.2 Characteristics of Harmonics Polyphase Induction Motors
96	3.10.3 Harmonic-Producing Equipment
97	3.10.4 Reduction of Harmonic Effects Calculation of Voltage Drops 3.1 1.1 General Mathematical Formulas
98	Calculations Fig
99	3.1 1.2 Cable Voltage Drop
100	Cable per 10 000 A-ft (60 “C Conductor Temperature 60 Hz)
101	Busway Voltage Drop Transformer Voltage Drop
102	Transformers 225-10 000 kVA 5-25 kV Transformers 1500-10 000 kVA 34.5 kV Fig
103	Motor-Starting Voltage Drop Effect of Motor Starting on Generators Effect of Motor Starting on Distribution System Fig
104	Starting of a Motor Fig Table 14 Comparison of Motor-Starting Methods
105	a Motor Fig
106	Full-Voltage Starting of a Motor Fig
107	References Fig
108	Bibliography Fig
109	Fig
110	Surge Voltage Protection Nature of the Problem Charge Is Deposited on Conducting Line by Lightning
113	Action of Fuse to Produce Transient Overvoltage
114	Traveling Wave Behavior 4.2.1 Surge-Voltage Propagation Switching Restrike Phenomena
115	Distributed-Constant Transmission Circuit
116	4.2.2 Surge-Voltage Reflection Impedance2
117	Junction Point J
118	4.2.3 Amplification Phenomena Different Ways
119	Arrester Progressively Higher Surge Impedance
120	Vulnerability of a Chain of Insulation Systems in Series
121	Insulation Voltage Withstand Characteristics 4.3.1 Introduction
122	Insulation Tests and Ratings Standard Impulse Test Waves Fig
123	Fig Table 15 Impulse Test Levels for Liquid-Filled Transformers Switchgear Assemblies and Metal-Enclosed Buses
124	Fig Table 17 Impulse Test Levels for Dry-Type Transformers Winding Impulse Voltages Phase-to-Ground
125	Physical Properties Affecting Insulation Strength Fig
126	Fig
127	LC Network in a Multiturn Winding Fig
128	Arrester Characteristics and Ratings 4.4.1 Introduction Fig
129	Volt-Ampere Characteristics Silicon Carbide Valve-Element Discs
130	Basis of Arrester Rating
131	Typical Volt-Ampere Characteristics of 6 kV Valve Elements Fig
132	Fig Indicated Impulse Currents
133	4.4.4 Protective Characteristics Fig
134	Silicon Surge Arresters
135	Typical Discharge Voltage Versus Current Wave Crest Time (ps) Fig
136	4.4.5 Arrester Classes Arrester Discharge-Current Capability Fig
137	4.5 Arrester Selection 4.5.1 Arrester Rating Fig
138	Fig
139	4.5.2 Arrester Class Fig
140	Fig Three-phase Systems in kV
142	4.5.3 Arrester Location Fig
143	4.6 Application Concepts 4.6.1 General Considerations Fig
144	Resulting Wave Phenomena for Various Arrester Locations
145	Voltage at the Equipment to the Arrester A Voltage Fig
146	4.6.2 Insulation Coordination Fig
147	Test-Implied Transformer Withstand Curve Characteristic of a Surge Arrester 1.2 x 50 ps Wave)
148	4.6.3 Component Protection
150	Fig
151	Versus Line-Cable Junction Arrester Clamping Voltage Fig 23
152	Versus Line-Cable Junction Arrester Clamping Voltage
153	former Without Requiring Arrester at Dry-Type Transformer
155	Machine Impulse Voltage Withstand Envelope Fig
156	for Wavefront Control Fig Line Terminal Connected Line to Ground
158	4.7 References
160	4.8 Bibliography
161	Fig
162	Fig
163	Fig
165	Fig
167	Fig
168	Fig
169	Fig
170	Application and Coordination of System Protective Devices 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Purpose Considering Plant Operation
171	5.1.3 Equipment Capabilities Importance of Responsible Planning
172	Analysis of System Behavior and Protection Needs 5.2.1 Nature of the Problem Grounded and Ungrounded Systems
173	System Before and After the Occurrence of a Ground Fault
174	Faults Fault Condition
175	5.2.4 Analytical Restraints Practical Limits of Protection
176	Unbalanced Fault Conditions (System X/R =
177	Protective Devices and Their Applications 5.3.1 General Discussion 5.3.2 Overcurrent Relays
178	Typical Electromagnetic Overcurrent Relay Fig Attachment (Relay Removed from Drawout Case)
179	Special Overcurrent Relays 5.3.4 Directional Relays
180	Overcurrent Relay
181	Typical Relay Time-Current Characteristics Fig
182	5.3.5 Differential Relays
183	Arrangements for Motor and Generator Differential Protection Fig
186	Using Standard Induction-Disk Overcurrent Relays
187	Current Balance Relay 5.3.7 Ground-Fault Relaying
188	Standard Arrangement for Residually Connected Ground Relay Fig Ground Relay
189	Synchronism-Check and Synchronizing Relays 5.3.9 Pilot-Wire Relays
190	5.3.10 Voltage Relays 5.3.11 Distance Relays
191	Phase-Sequence or Reverse-Phase Relays 5.3.13 Frequency Relays 5.3.14 Temperature-Sensitive Relays
192	5.3.15 Pressure-Sensitive Relays Replica-Type Temperature Relays 5.3.17 Auxiliary Relays Breakers
193	5.3.19 Fuses
194	Typical Time-Current Plot for Electromechanical Trip Devices Fig
195	Typical Time-Current Plot for Solid-state Trip Devices Fig
196	Current-Limiting Fuses
199	Available rms Symmetrical Current)
203	Performance Limitations Load Current and Voltage Wave Shape 5.4.2 Instrument Transformers
204	Principles of Protective Relay Application One-Line Diagram Illustrating Zones of Protection
205	Typical Small-Plant Relay Systems Typical Small Industrial System
206	and Associated Secondary Circuits
207	System
209	Industrial Plant System
216	Relaying for an Industrial Plant with Local Generation
217	Industrial Plant System with Local Generation
218	Protection Requirements 5.6.1 Transformers
219	Table 23 Maximum Overcurrent Protection (in Percent)
221	Category I1 Transformers
222	Category I11 Transformers
223	5.6.2 Feeder Conductors
224	5.6.3 Motors
225	Motor and Protective Relay Characteristics
228	Motor Protection Acceptable to the NEC
229	Use and Interpretation of Coordination Curves Need and Value 5.7.2 Device Performance
231	Industrial Plant Distribution System
234	Trip Devices
235	Preparing for the Coordination Study
236	Substations)
237	Typical Time-Current Characteristic Curves of Fuses
238	Specific Examples -Applying the Fundamentals Misrepresenting Proper Fault Clearing
239	Relaying
240	Feeders L and M and Incoming Line Circuits
241	Source and Feeder Circuits
242	Feeder Relay at 13.8 kV Bus
243	Generator Relay at 13.8 kV Bus
246	2.4 kV Bus 1 Coordination
247	2.4 kV Bus 2 Coordination
248	2.4 kV Buses 2 and
250	Relaying
251	46
252	Equipment
255	Network Coordination
257	480 V Bus 1 2 and 3 Network
258	13.8 kV Feeder J and 480 V Bus 4 Coordination
259	Testing 5.9.1 Installation Checking
261	Typical Current-Transformer Circuit Fig
266	Maintenance and Periodic Testing
267	Scope of Testing
271	Typical Relay Inspection and Test Form Fig
274	andTest Form
275	Typical Unit Substation Inspection Checklist Fig
277	Equipment Testing References
281	Bibliography
284	6 Fault Calculations 6.1 Introduction
285	Sources of Fault Current 6.2.1 Synchronous Generators E = (Driving Voltage X Varies with Time)
286	Synchronous Motors and Condensers 6.2.3 Induction Machines Electric Utility Systems
287	Fundamentals of Fault-Current Calculations Purpose of Calculations Type of Fault
288	Basic Equivalent Circuit
289	Restraints of Simplified Calculations 6.4.1 Impedance Elements 6.4.2 Switching Transients Series RLC Circuit Fig
290	Switching Transient R Fig
291	6.4.3 Decrement Factor Multiple Switching Transients Switching TransientL Fig
292	Practical Impedance Network Synthesis Decrement Factor Fig
293	Three.Phase Four-Wire Circuit Unbalanced Loading Fig
294	Three.Phase Four-Wire Circuit Balanced Symmetrical Loading Fig a Three-phase System
295	Other Analytical Tools
296	Respecting the Imposed Restraints 6.4.8 Conclusions
297	Typical System Fault Current Fig
298	Detailed Procedure
299	Step 1 -Prepare System Diagrams Step 2 -Collect and Convert Impedance Data
300	One-Line Diagram of Industrial System Example Fig
301	Step 3 -Combine Impedances Step 4 -Calculate Short-circuit Current
302	Wye and Delta Configurations Fig
303	Table 24 Rotating-Machine Reactance (or Impedance) Multipliers
304	System Calculations)
305	ANSI/IEEE C37.5-1979
306	Three-phase Faults Three-phase and Line-to-Ground Faults
307	Fed Predominantly from Generators
308	Fed Predominantly from Generators
309	with Several Voltage Levels General Discussion
310	Utility System Data Per-Unit Calculations and Base Quantities Impedances Represented by Reactances
311	Standards
312	Impedance Data and Conversions to Per Unit (Momentary) Short-circuit Current Duties Table 27 Passive-Element Reactances in Per Unit 10 MVA Base
313	Short-circuit (Interrupting) Current Duties 30-Cycle Minimum Short-circuit Currents Short-circuit Current Duties Per Unit 10 MVA Base
314	Short-circuit Duties
315	Fuses and Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers Table 30 Reactances for Approximately 3GCycZ.e Short-circuit Currents
316	Table 3 1 Reactances for Fig 105 (a) Table 32 Reactance Combinations for Fig 105(a) Each Fault Bus of Fig 105(b)
317	High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
318	Short-circuit Current Duties for High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
319	Short-Circuit Current Duties for High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
320	Table 34 Reactances for Fig 106(a) and Resistances for Fig 107(a) Table 35 Reactance Combinations for Fig 106(a)
321	Table 36 Resistance Combinations for Fig 107(a) Each Fault Bus of Fig 106(b) Each Fault Bus of Fig 107(b)
322	E/X for Example Conditions
323	Circuit Current Duties Capabilities in Kiloamperes
324	Capabilities of AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Capabilities of AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
325	capabilities of AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers with Sources Classified Remote or Local
326	Minimum Short-Circuit Currents Under 1OOOV
327	Apprdimately $@Cycle Minimum Short-circuit Currents Each Fault Bus of Fig 108(b)
328	Values on a Common Base
329	Low-Voltage System Fig
331	Diagrams Applicable for Fault Locations F and F Current
332	Resistance Network for Faults at F and F Fig Reactance Network for Faults at F and F Fig
333	Reduction of R Network for Fault at F Fig Reduction of X Network for Fault at F Fig
334	Reduction of R Network for Fault at F Fig Reduction of X Network for Fault at
335	and Calculate Fault Currents
336	Calculation of Fault Currents for DC Systems Resistance Network for Fault at F Reactance Network for Fault at F
337	6.9 References Resistance Network Fault at F Reactance Network for Fault at F
338	6.10 Bibliography
346	7 Grounding 7.1 Introduction 7.2 System Grounding
347	7.2.1 Ungrounded Systems
348	7.2.2 Resistance-Grounded Systems
349	7.2.3 Reactance-Grounded System Solidly Grounded System System-Grounding Design Deviations
350	7.3 Equipment Grounding
351	Solidly Grounded System Three.Phase Three-Wire Circuits 67 69
352	Solidly Grounded System Three.Phase Three-Wire Circuits Resistance-Grounded System Three.Phase Three-Wire Circuits
353	Ungrounded System Three.Phase Three-Wire Circuits
354	and to AC Ground
355	Static and Lightning Protection Grounding 7.4.1 Static Grounding
356	Lightning Protection Grounding
357	Connection to Earth 7.5.1 General Discussion
358	Recommended Acceptable Values Resistivity of Soils 7.5.4 SoilTreatment
359	7.5.5 Existing Electrodes Concrete-Encased Grounding Electrodes
360	7.5.7 Made Electrodes 7.5.8 Galvanic Corrosion
361	Ground Resistance Measurement
362	Methods of Measuring Ground Resistance
363	Resistance of the Large Grounding Network
364	Small Grid -Fall of Potential Method
365	Ground Rod – Two-Terminal Method
366	7.7 References
367	7.8 Bibliography
370	Power Factor and Related Considerations 8.1 General Emphasis on Capacitors
371	Benefits of Power-Factor Improvement Typical Plant Power Factor General Industry Applications 8.2.2 Plant Applications Utilization Equipment Applications
372	Instruments and Measurements for Power-Factor Studies Table 46 Typical Unimproved Power-Factor Values by Industries Table 47 Typical Operating Power-Factor Values by Plant Operations
373	8.4 Power-Factor Economics
374	8.5 Power-Factor Fundamentals Angular Relationship of Current and Voltage in AC Circuits Fig Relationship of Active Reactive and Total Power Fig
375	Definition of Power Factor Leading and Lagging Power Factor How to Improve the Power Factor
376	Static Power-Factor Controller
377	Calculation Methods for Power-Factor Improvement
378	Line Current by Supplying Reactive Power Requirements Locally Various Power-Factor Ratings
379	Location of Reactive Power Supply
380	for Power-Factor Improvement
381	Possible Shunt Capacitor Locations Fig
382	Release of System Capacity Power Factor with Reactive Compensation
383	8.7 Voltage Improvement
384	Power System Losses Selection of Capacitors with Induction Motors Effectiveness of Capacitors
385	Limitations of Capacitor -Motor Switching Medium-Speed Induction Motor
386	Selection of Capacitor Ratings for Power-Factor Improvement
387	and T-Frame Designs
388	Design B 230 V 460 V 575 V Squirrel-Cage Motors
389	Design B 230 V 460 V 575 V Squirrel-Cage Motors
390	Design B 230 V 460 V 575 V Squirrel-Cage Motors
391	8.9.4 Self-Excitation Considerations and Wound-Rotor Motors
392	High-Efficiency Motors
393	Location of Capacitors Selection of Capacitors for Motors
394	Motor-Capacitor Applications to Avoid Induction Versus Synchronous Motors
395	Automatic Control Equipment
396	Capacitor Standards and Operating Characteristics Capacitor Ratings Maximum Voltage 8.1 1.3 Temperature Time to Discharge Effect of Harmonics on Capacitors Operating Characteristics Overcurrent Protection
397	Low-Voltage Switching Devices Medium-Voltage Switching Devices 1000 kVA Transformer Capacitor Overheated
398	8.1 1.10 Selection of Cable Sizes 8.1 1.1 1 Inspection of Capacitors 8.12 Transients 8.12.1 Medium-Voltage Switching Table 53 Capacitor Rating Multipliers to Obtain Switching-Device Rating
399	Circuit for Switching with Shunt Capacitor Bank Fig
400	Static Power Converters Addition of Capacitors
401	Resonances and Harmonics Generation of Harmonic Voltages and Currents Static Power Converter Theory 26
402	with Thyristor Drives Having a Wide Range of Control Settings
403	8.13.3 Harmonic Resonance Three-phase Full-Wave Bridge Circuit Six-Pulse Converter Fig
404	8.13.4 Application Guidelines
405	Based on Eq
406	Selected Short-circuit Impedance
407	8.14 Capacitor Switching 8.15 References
408	8.16 Bibliography
410	Power Switching Transformation and Motor-Control Apparatus 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Equipment Installation
411	Maintenance Testing and Safety Table 54 Minimum Clear Working Space in Front of Electric Equipment
412	9.1.3 Heat Losses Table 55 Range of Losses in Power System Equipment
413	Switching Apparatus for Power Circuits 9.2.1 Switches
415	9.2.2 Fuses
416	9.2.3 Circuit Breakers
417	Table 56 Preferred Ratings for Indoor Oilless Circuit Breakers
422	with Instantaneous Direct-Acting Phase Trip Elements
423	without Instantaneous Direct-Acting Phase Trip Elements
424	9.3 Switchgear 9.3.1 General Discussion 9.3.2 Classifications
425	9.3.3 Types 9.3.4 Definitions
426	9.3.5 Ratings
427	Switchgear Assemblies
428	Table 60 Voltage Ratings for Metal-Enclosed Bus
429	Metal-Enclosed Power Switchgear Table 62 Current Ratings for Metal-Enclosed Bus in Amperes
430	9.3.6 Application Guides Switchgear Assemblies
432	9.3.7 Control Power Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear
433	Metal-Clad Switchgear
434	Table 66 Standard Voltage Transformer Ratios 600 V and Below Power Circuit Breakers
435	9.4 Transformers 9.4.1 Classifications 9.4.2 Specifications
436	Power and Voltage Ratings
437	Table 68 Transformer Standard Base kVA Ratings Table 69 Classes of Transformer Cooling Systems
438	9.4.4 VoltageTaps 9.4.5 Connections
439	(Schematic Representation)
440	Associated with Nominal System Voltages
441	9.4.6 Impedance 9.4.7 Insulation Medium
442	Standard Impedance Values for Three-phase Transformers
443	9.4.8 Accessories 9.4.9 Termination Facilities
444	9.4.10 Sound Levels 9.5 Unit Substations 9.5.1 General Discussion 9.5.2 Types
445	9.5.3 Selection and Location Advantages of Unit Substations Distributed Network Fig Duplex (Circuit Breaker and a Half Scheme) Fig
446	9.5.5 Application Guides 9.6 Motor-Control Equipment 9.6.1 General Discussion
447	Starters Over Starters 600 V and Below
450	Table 73 Comparison of Different Reduced-Voltage Starters
451	Typical Schematic Diagram of a Solid-state Motor Starter Fig
452	9.6.4 Motor-Control Center 9.6.5 Control Circuits
453	9.6.6 Overload Protection 9.6.7 Solid-state Control
454	9.7 References
458	Instruments and Meters 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Basic Objectives
459	Switchboard and Panel Instruments 3.Phase. 4.Wire High Current and Voltage)
460	10.3.1 Ammeters 10.3.2 Voltmeters 3.Phase. 4.Wire High Current and Voltage)
461	Primary Voltage Substation Sample Metering Layout Fig
462	10.3.3 Wattmeters 10.3.4 Varmeters 10.3.5 Power-Factor Meters 10.3.6 Frequency Meters 10.3.7 Synchroscopes 10.3.8 Elapsed-Time Meters 10.4 Portable Instruments
463	Volt-Ohm Meter VOM), Multitester or Multimeter 10.4.2 Clamp-on Ammeters 10.5 Recording Instruments 10.6 Miscellaneous Instruments 10.6.1 Temperature Indicators 10.6.2 Megohmmeters 10.6.3 Ground Ohmmeters 10.6.4 Oscillographs 10.6.5 Oscilloscopes
464	10.7 Meters 10.7.1 Kilowatthour Meters
465	10.7.2 Kilovarhour Meters 10.7.3 &-Meters
466	10.7.4 Demand Meters 10.7.5 Voltage-Squared Meters 10.7.6 Ampere-Squared Meters 10.8 Auxiliary Devices 10.8.1 Current Transformers
467	Voltage (Potential) Transformers 10.8.3 Shunts 10.8.4 Transducers 10.8.5 Computers
468	10.9 Typical Installations High-Voltage Equipment (Above Low-Voltage Equipment (Below
469	10.10 References
470	11 Cable Systems 11.1 Introduction
471	11.2 Cable Construction 11.2.1 Conductors Comparison Between Copper and Aluminum
472	11.2.3 Insulation Conductor Stranding Fig
473	Table 74 Properties of Copper and Aluminum
474	Typical Values for Hardness Versus Temperature Fig Table 75 Commonly Used Insulating Materials
475	Table 76 Rated Conductor Temperatures
476	11.2.4 Cable Design
479	Electric Field of Shielded Cable Fig
480	Cable Outer Finishes Uniform Dielectric Nonshielded Cable on Ground Plane Fig
481	Commonly Used Shielded and Nonshielded Constructions Fig
482	11.3.1 Nonmetallic Finishes Table 77 Properties of Jackets and Braids
483	11.3.2 Metallic Finishes
484	Single- and Multiconductor Constructions Physical Properties of Materials for Outer Coverings
485	11.4 Cable Ratings 11.4.1 Voltage Rating 11.4.2 Conductor Selection 11.4.3 Load-Current Criteria
487	Emergency Overload Criteria
488	Table 78 Uprating for Short-Time Overloads
489	11.4.5 Voltage-Drop Criteria 11.4.6 Fault-Current Criteria
490	Fault Current and Clearing Times
491	11.5 Installation 11.5.1 Layout 11.5.2 Open Wire 11.5.3 Aerial Cable
492	11.5.4 Direct Attachment 11.5.5 CableTrays
493	11.5.6 Cable Bus 11.5.7 Conduit
494	11.5.8 Direct Burial 11.5.9 Hazardous Locations
495	11.5.10 Installation Procedures Table 80 Wiring Methods for Hazardous Locations
496	11.6 Connectors 11.6.1 Types Available
497	Connectors for Aluminum
500	Procedures for Connecting Aluminum Conductors Fig
501	Connectors for Various Voltage Cables 11.6.4 Performance Requirements 34
502	11.7 Terminations 11.7.1 Purpose 11.7.2 Definitions
503	11.7.3 Cable Terminations
505	Stress-Relief Cone Fig
506	(For Solid Dielectric Cables)
507	(For Solid Dielectric Cables)
508	(For Solid Dielectric Cable)
510	11.7.4 Cable Connectors Separable Insulated Connectors Performance Requirements
511	Splicing Devices and Techniques
512	Taped Splices (Fig
513	Typical Taped Splice in Shielded Cable or Perforated Strip Fig
514	11.8.2 Preassembled Splices Grounding of Cable Systems
515	11.9.1 Sheath Losses 11.10 Protection from Transient Overvoltage
516	11.1 1 Testing 11.11.1 Application and Utility
517	11.1 1.2 Alternating Current Versus Direct Current 11.1 1.3 Factory Tests 11.11.4 Field Tests
518	Table 81 ICEA Specified DC Cable Test Voltages kv). Pre-1968 Cable
519	1968 and Later Cable
520	11.11.5 Procedure Installation and Maintenance
521	11.1 1.6 Direct-Current Corona and Its Suppression 11.1 1.7 Line-Voltage Fluctuations 11.1 1.8 Resistance Evaluation
522	11.1 1.9 Megohmmeter Test 1 1.1 2 Locating Cable Faults Influence of Ground-Fault Resistance
523	11.12.2 Equipment and Methods
524	11.12.3 Selection
525	11.13 Cable Specification
526	11.14 References
530	12 Busways 12.1 Origin 12.2 Busway Construction
531	12.3 Feeder Busway
532	12.4 Plug-In Busway Plug.1n Lighting and Trolley Types
533	Feeder Busway Fig
534	12.5 Lighting Busway 12.6 Trolley Busway Circuit Breaker Power Tapoff and Flexible Bus-Drop Cable
535	12.7 Standards High-Intensity Discharge Fixture
536	Selection and Application of Busways 12.8.1 Current-Carrying Capacity Short-Circuit Current Rating
537	12.8.3 Voltage Drop Table 84 Busway Ratings as a Function of Power Factor
538	When Approximate Voltage-Drop Formulas Are Used
539	12.8.4 Thermal Expansion Building Expansion Joints 12.8.6 Welding Loads
540	12.9 Layout Current with Entire Load at End
541	Current with Entire Load at End
542	12.10 Installation 12.10.1 Procedure Prior to Installation Milliohms per 100 ft 25 “C
543	12.10.2 Procedure During Installation 12.10.3 Procedure After Installation 12.1 1 Field Testing
544	12.12 Busways Over 600 V (Metal-Enclosed Bus) 12.12.1 Standards 12.12.2 Ratings 12.12.3 Construction 12.12.4 Field Testing
545	12.13 References Ratings of Nonsegregated-Phase Metal-Enclosed Bus
546	13 Electrical Energy Conservation 13.1 Introduction Organizing for a Conservation Effort Obtain Management Approval and Commitment
547	Embarking on an Energy Conservation Program
548	Energy Audit 13.2.4 Tracking Progress
549	13.2.5 Overall Considerations Table 89 Examples of Conservation Categories
550	Dollar Involvement in ECOs-Rates 13.3.1 Introduction 13.3.2 Rate Textbook 13.3.3 Billing Calculations Declining Block Rate and Example
551	Demand Usage Rate 115
552	13.4 Load Management 13.4.1 Introduction 13.4.2 Controllers
553	Equipment Audit and Load Profile
554	Energy Savings to Dollar Savings Time Value of Money Evaluating Motor Loss
556	Evaluating Transformer Losses Evaluating Losses in Other Equipment
557	Electrical Equipment and Its Efficient Operation 13.6.1 Losses 13.6.2 Efficiency
558	13.6.3 Conductor Oversizing 13.6.4 Motors
559	13.6.5 Transformers Thyratrons Ignitions and Other Diode Devices 13.6.7 Capacitors
560	Reactors and Regulators 13.6.9 Equipment Overview 13.7 Metering
561	13.8 Lighting 13.8.1 Introduction
562	Types of Lighting
563	13.8.3 Control 13.8.4 System Considerations
564	13.9 Cogeneration 13.10 Peak Shaving
565	13.1 1 Bibliography
568	14 Cost Estimating of Industrial Power Systems 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Power Supply
569	14.3 Voltage Level Reliability of the Distribution System Preparing the Cost Estimate 14.6 Classes of Estimates
570	14.6.1 Preliminary Estimate 14.6.2 Engineering Estimate 14.6.3 Detailed Estimate Equipment and Material Costs 14.8 Installation Costs
571	14.9 Other Costs 14.10 Example 14.11 Design Data
572	One-Line Diagram
573	Substation A-5 MVA 4.16 kV
574	Substation C- 1.5 MVA 480Y/277
575	Site Plan
576	Cost Estimate Calculation Sheet
577	14.12 Supporting Data
578	Sample Cost Estimate Calculation Sheet – Summary
580	Sample Cost Estimate Calculation Sheet – Primary Power
584	Sample Cost Estimate Calculation Sheet – Substation A
586	Sample Cost Estimate Calculation Sheet – Substation C
590	Power System Device Function Numbers
598	INDEX