Shopping Cart

No products in the cart.

BSI PD IEC TS 62786-41:2023

$215.11

Distributed energy resources connection with the grid – Requirements for frequency measurement used to control distributed energy resources (DER) and loads

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2023 108
Guaranteed Safe Checkout
Categories: ,

If you have any questions, feel free to reach out to our online customer service team by clicking on the bottom right corner. We’re here to assist you 24/7.
Email:[email protected]

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
4 CONTENTS
9 FOREWORD
11 1 Scope
2 Normative references
12 3 Terms and definitions
16 4 Performance description
4.1 General
4.2 Input energizing quantities
Tables
Table 1 – Performance characteristics presented in Clause 4
17 4.3 Delay time
4.3.1 Description
4.3.2 Reporting of delay time declaration
4.4 Effective resolution and accuracy
4.4.1 Description
Table 2 – Example of delay time
18 4.4.2 Effective measurement resolution
4.4.3 Reporting of the frequency and ROCOF accuracy
4.5 Measuring range, operating range, and rejection of interfering signals
Table 3 – Example of measurement resolution and maximum absolute errorfor frequency and ROCOF measurements
19 Figures
Figure 1 – Measuring range and operating range without interfering signals
Figure 2 – Measuring range and operating range in the presenceof interfering signals
20 Table 4 – Example of measuring range and operating range for frequencyand ROCOF measurements (taken from an actual instrument)
21 4.6 Timing characteristics
4.6.1 Reporting rate
4.6.2 Settling time
Table 5 – Example of reporting of settling time and reporting rate
22 5 Summary of typical performances associated with different use cases
Figure 3 – Settling time description with input signal added
23 Table 6 – List of use cases and associated requirements
24 6 Description of functional test principles
6.1 General
26 6.2 Test reference conditions
6.3 Verification of delay time for frequency and ROCOF measurement
6.3.1 Test description
27 6.3.2 Example determination of delay time
28 Figure 4 – Example of frequency delay time validation: measurementof delay time for a power frequency of 50 Hz
Figure 5 – Example of cross-correlations of the normalized frequencies and ROCOF
29 6.4 Verification of effective resolution for frequency and ROCOF measurement
6.4.1 Test description
31 6.4.2 Example determination of effective resolution
6.5 Verification of measurement and operating ranges
6.5.1 Verification of measurement and operating ranges under steady state conditions
Figure 6 – Example of frequency modulation used to determinefrequency effective resolution
Figure 7 – Example of frequency modulation usedto determine ROCOF effective resolution
33 6.5.2 Measuring and operating ranges under dynamic conditions
Figure 8 – Example of verification of measurement bandwidthunder steady state conditions
35 6.5.3 Verification of rejection of interfering interharmonics
Figure 9 – Example of verification of measuring and operating rangesunder dynamic conditions
36 Figure 10 – Example of verification of rejection of interfering interharmonics
37 6.5.4 Verification of rejection of harmonics
Table 7 – Input signal harmonic magnitudes
38 Figure 11 – Waveforms with superimposed harmonics
39 Figure 12 – Three-phase harmonic test signals, 0° and 180° harmonic phases
40 6.6 Verification of settling time
6.6.1 Test description
Figure 13 – Example of verification of rejection of harmonics
41 6.6.2 Verification of settling time for frequency measurement
6.6.3 Example of verification of frequency settling time
Figure 14 – Example of verification of frequency settling timeusing positive 1 Hz step in frequency
42 6.6.4 Verification of settling time for ROCOF measurement
6.6.5 Example of verification of ROCOF settling time
Figure 15 – Example of verification of frequency settling timeusing negative 1 Hz step in input frequency
43 6.7 Type test report
Figure 16 – Example of verification of ROCOF settling timeusing positive 1 Hz/s step in ROCOF
Figure 17 – Example of verification of ROCOF settling timeusing negative 1 Hz/s step in ROCOF
45 Annex A (informative)Measurement classes
Table A.1 – Measurement classes for frequency measurements
Table A.2 – Measurement classes for ROCOF measurements
46 Annex B (informative)Description of frequency or ROCOF measurement use cases
B.1 Use case “PLL in photovoltaic power generating systems”
B.1.1 Technical background of the use case
Figure B.1 – Example of a system diagram of a PV systemwith a three-phase DC to AC converter
47 B.1.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
Figure B.2 – Example of system diagram of a three-phase PV system for voltage control
48 B.2 Use case “Primary reserve”
B.2.1 Technical background of the use case
B.2.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
Table B.1 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement of PLL in PV systems
Table B.2 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case “Primary reserve”
49 B.2.3 Example of “frequency-watt” function in photovoltaic power generating systems
Figure B.3 – Example of system diagram of PV system with frequency-watt function
50 B.3 Use case “Secondary reserve – frequency measurement used for centralized control”
B.3.1 Technical background of the use case
B.3.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
Figure B.4 – Application example of frequency-watt function for PV systems
Table B.3 – Example of requirements of frequency-Watt function of PV systems
51 B.4 Use case “Fast frequency-active power proportional controller with dead band”
B.4.1 Technical background of the use case
Table B.4 – Typical requirements for use case “Secondary reserve –frequency measurement used for centralized control”
52 B.4.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
Figure B.5 – Example of fast frequency-active power proportional controller with dead band (LFSM-O and LFSM-U characteristics from European Grid Code)
53 B.5 Use case “Fast frequency response”
B.5.1 Technical background of the use case
B.5.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
B.6 Use case “Synthetic inertia”
B.6.1 Technical background of the use case
Table B.5 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement – use case “Fast frequencyactive power proportional controller with dead band”
Table B.6 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case “Fast frequency response”
54 B.6.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
B.7 Use case “Passive anti-islanding detection”
B.7.1 Technical background of the use case
Table B.7 – Typcial requirements for ROCOF measurement –use case “Synthetic inertia”
55 B.7.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
Table B.8 – Set of typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case “Passive anti-islanding detection”
Table B.9 – Typical requirements for ROCOF measurement –use case “Passive anti-islanding detection”
56 B.8 Use case “Active anti-islanding detection”
B.8.1 Technical background of the use case
B.8.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
Table B.10 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case “Active anti-islanding detection”
57 B.9 Use case “ROCOF measurement used for centralized control”
B.9.1 Technical background of the use case
B.9.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
B.10 Use case “Load control with active power management”
B.10.1 Technical background of the use case
B.10.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
Table B.11 – Typical requirements for ROCOF measurement –use case “ROCOF measurement used for centralized control”
Table B.12 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case “Load control with active power management”
58 B.11 Use case “Self-dispatchable loads” (microgrid applications)
B.11.1 Technical background of the use case
B.11.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
Table B.13 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case “Self-dispatchable loads”
59 B.12 Use case “Under-frequency load shedding” (UFLS)
B.12.1 Technical background of the use case
B.12.2 Resulting requirements for measurement
Table B.14 – Typical requirements for frequency measurement –use case “Under-frequency load shedding”
Table B.15 – Typical requirements for ROCOF measurement –use case “Under-frequency load shedding”
60 Annex C (informative)Summary of requirements expressed in standards and grid codes related to frequency and ROCOF measurements
61 Table C.1 – Requirements expressed in standards and grid codes related to frequency and ROCOF measurements
67 Annex D (informative)Maximum ROCOF to be considered on power systems in case of incidents
D.1 General
D.2 UK
D.3 European continent
D.4 Islands
68 Annex E (informative)Frequency and rotating vectors
Figure E.1 – Phasor representation of a power system signal, which has amplitude (a), angle (Φ) and angular velocity (ω)
70 Annex F (informative)Synthetizing input signals with sudden frequency change without discontinuity in voltage waveform
71 Figure F.1 – Example of voltage waveform without discontinuity at to = 0,02 s
72 Figure F.2 – Example of voltage waveform with discontinuity at to = 0,02 s
73 Annex G (informative)Step test equivalent time sampling technique
G.1 Overview
Figure G.1 – Example of reports during step response
74 G.2 Equivalent time sampling
Figure G.2 – Example of reports during step response with higher resolution
75 G.3 Determination of settling time using instrument errors
Figure G.3 – Example of reports during step response with higher resolution
77 Annex H (informative)Voltage and phase angle changes during transmission line faultsrelated to the type of transformer connection
H.1 Overview
H.2 Power line short circuit fault and protection
78 Figure H.1 – Voltage phase change by transmission line short circuit fault
Figure H.2 – Transmission line protection sequence and line voltage, frequency change
79 H.3 Voltage magnitude and phase angle change at line fault
H.3.1 General
H.3.2 Balanced-three-phase short circuit fault
H.3.3 Line-to-line short circuit fault
Figure H.3 – Voltage and phase angle change at three-phase short circuit
80 Figure H.4 – Relationship of voltage phase angle betweenYconnection side and Δconnection side
Figure H.5 – Voltage magnitude and phase angle change at two-phase short circuit fault
81 H.4 Conclusion
82 Annex I (informative)Influencing factors and functional tests
I.1 Influencing factors
I.2 Functional tests
I.2.1 General
I.2.2 Phase step change
Table I.1 – Influencing factors of frequency and ROCOF measurements
84 I.2.3 Magnitude step change
Figure I.1 – Frequency error response to +0,3 radianphase step followed by −0,3 radian step
Figure I.2 – ROCOF error response to +0,3 radianphase step followed by −0,3 radian step
86 Figure I.3 – Frequency error response to magnitude step changes
87 I.2.4 Combined magnitude and phase step change
Figure I.4 – ROCOF error response to steps in magnitude
88 Figure I.5 – Voltage vectors for test case a)
Table I.2 – Test case a) for combined magnitude and phase step change
Table I.3 – Test case b) for combined magnitude and phase step change
89 Figure I.6 – Voltage vectors for test case b)
90 Figure I.7 – Frequency error responses to combined phase and magnitude steps
91 I.2.5 Voltage magnitude drop and restoration
Figure I.8 – ROCOF error responses to combined phase and magnitude steps
93 Figure I.9 – Representation of the input energizing quantity (voltage, RMS) injection
94 Figure I.10 – Frequency response to voltage drop and restoration
96 Figure I.11 – ROCOF response to voltage drop and restoration
97 I.2.6 Noise
98 Figure I.12 – Frequency error absolute values from noise test scenarios a) and b)
99 I.2.7 Unbalanced input signal magnitude
Figure I.13 – ROCOF error absolute values from noise test scenarios a) and b)
Table I.4 – Magnitudes and phase angles for three phase voltages
100 Figure I.14 – Frequency absolute error due to unbalanced input signal magnitude
101 I.2.8 Linear ramp of frequency
Figure I.15 – ROCOF absolute error due to unbalanced input signal magnitude
102 Figure I.16 – Frequency ramp test scenarios
104 Figure I.17 – Absolute frequency error during linear ramp of frequency test scenarios
105 Figure I.18 – Absolute ROCOF error during linear ramp of frequency test scenarios
106 Bibliography
BSI PD IEC TS 62786-41:2023
$215.11