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BSI PD CLC IEC/TS 60034-31:2024

BSI PD CLC IEC/TS 60034-31:2024

$198.66

Rotating electrical machines – Selection of energy-efficient motors including variable speed applications. Application guidelines

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BSI 2024 70
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IEC TS 60034-31:2021 provides a guideline of technical and economical aspects for the application of energy-efficient electric AC motors. It applies to motor manufacturers, OEMs (original equipment manufacturers), end users, regulators, legislators and other interested parties.This document is applicable to all electrical machines covered by IEC 60034-1, IEC 60034-30?1 and IEC TS 60034-30-2. a. references to relevant standards have been updated; b. global market data for industrial motors have been updated; c. guidelines and theories about normal industrial applications have been described; d. energy efficiency comparison examples have been given. This publication contains an attached file titled, “TS 60034-31 Generic Efficiency Interpolation”, in the form of an XLS document.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
4 European foreword
Endorsement notice
5 Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications
7 CONTENTS
11 FOREWORD
13 INTRODUCTION
14 1 Scope
2 Normative references
15 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and acronyms
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.2 Symbols
3.3 Acronyms
16 4 Background
4.1 General
18 Figures
Figure 1 – Industrial electric motors in numbers
19 4.2 Introduction to IEC standards
4.2.1 Overview
Figure 2 – Estimated global market shares of industrial electric motorsper efficiency class in the time period 1995 to 2020
Figure 3 – Components of a motor driven unit
21 4.2.2 Scope of efficiency classification
4.2.3 Efficiency interpolation (IEC 60034-2-3)
Tables
Table 1 – Overview of IEC standards on energy efficiencyof power drive systems and motor driven units
22 Figure 4 – Seven standardized operating points from IEC 60034-2-3
23 5 Applications
5.1 Applications where the motor is fully loaded over longer periods of time
5.2 Applications with square torque-speed characteristic (pumps, fans, compressors)
5.2.1 General
Figure 5 – Reduction of motor input power between one efficiency class tothe next higher class in percentage versus rated motor output power,shown cumulative for 4-pole motors
24 5.2.2 Throttling versus variable speed control of pump systems
25 5.2.3 On/off flow control of pump systems
5.2.4 Pump systems for variable flow and their energy saving potential
Figure 6 – System curves with and without a throttle valveand pump curves at constant speeds
26 5.2.5 Summary for fan system design
5.3 Applications with a constant torque characteristic (conveyors, lifts, hoist drives)
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Conveyors with constant speed versus variable speed control
Figure 7 – Average electric power consumption for end-suction own bearing (ESOB) clean water pumps driven by different motors connected DOL or with VFD
27 6 Fundamentals of electrical machines
6.1 General
Figure 8 – System curves for conveyor (belt) drives, hoist drives, lifts, etc.
28 6.2 Technology
6.2.1 Technologies for fixed speed, line start motors
6.2.2 Technologies for Variable Frequency Drive motors
6.3 Efficiency
6.3.1 General
Figure 9 – Squirrel cage induction motor
30 6.3.2 Motor losses
6.3.3 Motors for higher efficiency classes
Table 2 – Loss distribution in three phase, 4-pole, cage induction electric motors
31 6.3.4 Variations in motor losses
6.4 Power factor
32 6.5 Pole number, frequency and speed relations
6.6 Differences between constant speed and variable speed operations
Table 3 – Relations between pole number, frequency and speed
33 7 Motors for constant speed operation
7.1 General
7.2 Motors rated for 50 Hz and 60 Hz
Figure 10 – Operating capability for a DOL motor compared to a VFD motor
34 7.3 Starting performance
Table 4 – Exemplary efficiency calculation of a motor when operated at 50 Hzand 60 Hz with the same torque, using a 50 Hz motor rating as the basis
35 7.4 Operating speed and slip
7.5 Motor losses for variable load
36 7.6 Power factor
Figure 11 – Typical 4-pole induction motor power loss distribution versus power rating
37 7.7 Partial load efficiency
Figure 12 – Performance characteristics of 4-pole, three phase,cage induction motors of different power ratings
38 7.8 Motors rated for different voltages or a voltage range
7.9 Soft starters
7.10 IE efficiency classes
7.11 Efficiency testing methods
39 7.12 Effects of power supply and ambient temperature variations
7.12.1 Effects of power quality and variations in voltage and frequency
7.12.2 Effects of voltage unbalance
7.12.3 Effects of ambient temperature
Table 5 – IE efficiency classes of line operated AC motors
40 7.12.4 Voltages variations
7.13 Motor dimensioning
8 Motors for variable speed operation
8.1 General
Figure 13 – Typical variations of current, speed, power factorand efficiency with voltage for constant output power
41 8.2 Motors rated for arbitrary speeds
8.3 Motor losses for variable frequency and load
8.4 Further losses in motors designed for constant speed in variable speed operation
8.5 Variable frequency drives
8.6 Variable frequency drive losses
42 8.7 Variable frequency drive power factor
Figure 14 – Schematic layout of a variable frequency drive
43 8.8 Partial speed and partial torque efficiency of motor drive system
8.9 IE and IES efficiency classes
8.10 Efficiency determination methods
Figure 15 – Distortion power factor versus the total harmonic distortionof the line current at the input to a variable frequency drive
44 8.11 Motor and variable frequency drive system dimensioning
Figure 16 – Typical system curves for different applications
45 9 System selection guidelines
9.1 Introduction to system selection methodology
9.1.1 System design for minimal energy use
Figure 17 – Overview of a Motor Driven Unit and related equipment of a system
46 9.1.2 Efficiency optimization potential of system versus components
9.1.3 Selection criteria
47 9.1.4 System with variable frequency drive
48 9.2 Cost of electric motor systems
9.2.1 Component costs
Figure 18 – Relative cost of major components in an MDU, dependingon rated power, according to a European market survey in 2017/2018
49 9.2.2 Operating cost
9.2.3 Life cycle cost
50 10 Maintenance and lifetime expectations
10.1 Common causes of failures in industrial motors
10.2 Lifetime expectations of lubricants for bearings
10.3 Lifetime expectations of insulations for windings
Figure 19 – Distribution of failure causes for induction motors in industry
51 10.4 Potential failure sources in bearings and insulation for motors supplied by VFD
10.5 Variable frequency drive maintenance and expected lifetime
10.6 Different categories of maintenance
52 Figure 20 – Simplistic representation in relative scale of three different maintenance categories, namely corrective, preventive and predictive principles
53 Annex A (informative)Typical efficiency values and losses of motorsand variable frequency drives
A.1 General
A.2 Losses of direct-on-line motors
54 A.3 Losses of variable speed motors
55 A.4 Losses of variable frequency drives (VFD)
56 Annex B (informative)Tables of typical efficiency values of motors Direct-on-Line (DOL)
Table B.1 – Typical efficiency values of 50 Hz IE1 induction motors
57 Table B.2 – Typical efficiency values of 50 Hz IE2 induction motors
58 Table B.3 – Typical efficiency values of 50 Hz IE3 induction motors
59 Table B.4 – Typical efficiency values of 50 Hz IE4 induction motors
60 Annex C (informative)Examples of energy savings and life cycle cost savings
C.1 General
C.2 Water pump
Figure C.1 – Standard water pump characteristic
62 Table C.1 – Calculation of motor performance at operating points 1 to 3
Table C.2 – System losses and performance
63 C.3 Common interpretation error in fan applications when replacing motor
Figure C.2 – The torque versus synchronous speed for an induction motor of class IE2, a line-started synchronous motor of class IE4 and the system curve of a fan, respectively
64 C.4 Fans in parallel
Figure C.3 – Comparison of two different fan control methods with equal flow
65 C.5 Electric motor materials versus energy efficiency and CO2 emissions
66 Figure C.4 – Energy flow diagram from primary energy source,coal, to the electric motor
Table C.3 – Calculated electricity, coal weight and CO2 emissions savings
67 Annex D (informative)Calculation sheet for losses and efficiency interpolation
Figure D.1 – Extract from EXCEL calculation sheet available for download
68 Bibliography

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BSI PD CLC IEC/TS 60034-31:2024
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