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BS EN 16682:2017

$198.66

Conservation of cultural heritage. Methods of measurement of moisture content, or water content, in materials constituting immovable cultural heritage

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2017 68
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This European Standard is aimed to inform and assist users in the choice and use of the most appropriate method to obtain reliable measurements of the moisture content, or water content, in wood and masonry (including brickwork, stonework, concrete, gypsum, mortars, etc.) in the specific case of the built cultural heritage. It provides a basic framework to take and interpret this kind of measurements on the above cultural heritage materials that have undergone weathering, pest attack, salt migration or other transformations over time. It specifies four absolute methods (i.e. gravimetric, Karl Fischer titration, azeotropic distillation and calcium carbide); explains their characteristics, pros and cons, and gives specifications for the transformation of readings into the same unit to make measurements taken with different methods comparable. It specifies the three principal relative methods (i.e. electrical resistance, capacitance, and relative humidity in equilibrium with the material), pointing out their characteristics and uncertainties when used in the field of cultural heritage. In addition, it provides an informative overview of ten other relative methods, their characteristics, pros and cons. It gives specifications for the calibration of the various methods. It also compares the above methods in relation to their accuracy, sampling requirement, sample size, laboratory or field use, and other problems encountered in the field of cultural heritage to prevent instrument misuse, reduce uncertainties and avoid reading misinterpretation.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
9 1 Scope
2 Normative references
10 3 Terms and definitions
15 4 Symbols and abbreviations
16 5 Moisture and water content in materials
5.1 Moisture content
5.1.1 General
5.1.2 Dry versus wet mode
17 5.1.3 Gravimetric versus volumetric mode
5.2 Water content
5.3 Comparison between moisture content and water content
18 6 Absolute and relative methods
6.1 Absolute methods
6.2 Relative methods
19 6.3 Comparison between absolute and relative methods
20 7 Taking and handling samples
8 Calibration
8.1 General
21 8.2 Instrument calibration
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 Calibration for moisture content
8.2.3 Calibration for water content
8.3 Reproducibility
8.3.1 Instruments for absolute measurements
8.3.2 Instruments for relative measurements
8.3.3 Comparison between absolute and relative methods
22 9 Use of existing European Standards concerning modern building materials
10 Test report
24 Annex A (normative)Absolute methods
A.1 Generalities
A.2 Gravimetric method
A.2.1 General
25 A.2.2 Apparatus
A.2.3 Procedure
A.3 Drying procedures in the gravimetric method
A.3.1 General
26 A.3.2 Oven drying
A.3.2.1 General
A.3.2.2 Apparatus
A.3.2.3 Drying procedure
27 A.3.3 Vacuum drying
A.3.3.1 General
A.3.3.2 Apparatus
A.3.3.3 Drying procedure
A.3.4 Compressed-air drying
A.3.4.1 General
A.3.4.2 Apparatus
28 A.3.4.3 Drying procedure
A.3.5 Adsorption drying
A.3.5.1 General
A.3.5.2 Apparatus
A.3.5.3 Drying procedure
29 A.3.6 Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)
A.3.6.1 General
A.3.6.2 Apparatus
A.3.6.3 Procedure
30 A.4 Karl Fischer titration
A.4.1 General
A.4.2 Apparatus
31 A.4.3 Procedure
32 A.4.4 Volumetric KF titration (V-KFT)
A.4.4.1 General
A.4.4.2 Apparatus
A.4.4.3 Procedure
33 A.4.5 Coulometric KF titration (C-KFT)
A.4.5.1 General
A.4.5.2 Apparatus
A.4.5.3 Procedure
34 A.4.6 Oven-vaporization KF titration (OV-KFT)
A.4.6.1 General
A.4.6.2 Apparatus
A.4.6.3 Temperature
35 A.4.7 KF titration of selected materials
36 A.5 Azeotropic distillation
A.5.1 General
A.5.2 Apparatus
37 A.5.3 Procedure
A.6 Calcium carbide test
A.6.1 General
38 A.6.2 Apparatus
A.6.3 Procedure
43 Annex B (normative)Relative methods
B.1 Generalities
B.2 Electrical resistance (conductance)
44 B.3 Capacitance (dielectric)
45 B.4 Relative humidity in equilibrium with the material
B.4.1 General
B.4.2 Drilled cavity
46 B.4.3 External sealed box (ESB)
B.4.4 Apparatus
B.4.5 Procedure
51 Annex C (informative)Other relative methods
C.1 Generalities
C.2 Microwave
52 C.3 Evanescent-field dielectrometry
C.4 Time-domain reflectometry
53 C.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance
C.6 Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
54 C.7 Ultrasound pulses
C.8 Thermography
59 Annex D (informative)Methods with special safety requirements
D.1 Generalities
D.2 X-ray
60 D.3 Gamma rays
D.4 Neutron scattering
BS EN 16682:2017
$198.66