This second edition of Load Calculation Applications Manual, available in both I-P and SI units, is an in-depth, applications-oriented reference that provides clear understanding of the state-of-the-art in heating and cooling load calculation methods, plus the tools and resources needed to implement them in practice. Updates for this edition reflect changes in the 2013 ASHRAE Handbook–Fundamentals, including lighting, materials, and equipment used in buildings today, as well as new methods available since the first edition. New internal heat gain data for office equipment New methods and data for the effects of internal shading on solar heat gains New data on heat gains from kitchen equipment, based on experimental measurements New weather data for more than 6,000 stations worldwide A new ASHRAE clear-sky model, applicable worldwide Improved methods for generating design day temperature profiles A major revision of thermal properties data for building materials This essential engineering reference begins with an overview of heat transfer processes in buildings and a discussion of how they are analyzed together to determine the HVAC load. Later chapters give in-depth coverage of the radiant time series method (RTSM) and heat balance method (HBM) theory and application, systems and psychrometrics, and heating loads, with extensive, step-by-step examples. With this book comes access to spreadsheets for computing cooling loads with the RTSM and calculating the solar irradiation, conduction time factor series, and radiant time factors used in the method. The spreadsheets can be adapted to compute cooling loads for a wide range of buildings.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
12	1.1 Definition of a Cooling Load 1.2 The Basic Design Questions 2. How do the heating/cooling requirements vary spatially within the building?
13	1.3 Overview of the ASHRAE Load Calculation Methods 1.3.1 Models and Reality 1.3.2 The Heat Balance Method 2. Wall conduction process 3. Inside face heat balance 1.3.3 The Radiant Time Series Method
14	Figure 1.1 Schematic of heat balance process in a zone.
15	Figure 1.2 Schematic of the radiant time series method. 1.4 Organization of the Manual References
16	2.1 Conduction—Steady State
17	Figure 2.1 A single-layer plane wall.
18	Figure 2.2 A multilayer wall. Example 2.1 Wall Heat Loss
19	Figure 2.3 Multilayer wall analysis based on electrical analogy. Example 2.2 Series Resistances Example 2.2 Series Resistances
20	2.2 Thermal Storage and Transient Conduction
21	Example 2.3 Thermal Storage
22	2.3 Convection Example 2.4 Convection 2.4 Radiation—Long Wave and Short Wave
23	Figure 2.4 Electrical analogy with distributed thermal capacitance. Figure 2.5 Comparison of transient and quasi-steady-state conduction heat gain calculations.
25	Example 2.5 Radiation 2.5 Combined Convection and Radiation
27	2.6 The First Law of Thermodynamics—Heat Balance Figure 2.6 Exterior surface heat balance.
28	References
30	3.1 Thermal Property Data—Walls and Roofs 3.1.1 Thermal Properties of Building and Insulation Materials
31	Table 3.1 Typical Thermal Properties of Common Building and Insulating Materials—Design Valuesa
35	Table 3.2 Effective Thermal Resistance of Plane Air Spaces,a,b,c h · ft2 · °F/Btu
37	3.1.2 Surface Conductance and Resistances
38	Table 3.3a Emittance Values of Various Surfaces and Effective Emittances of Air Spacesa Table 3.4 Surface Film Coefficients/Resistances
39	3.2 Calculating Overall Thermal Resistance Example 3.1 Overall Thermal Resistance Example 3.1 Overall Thermal Resistance
40	3.3 Thermal and Optical Property Data—Fenestration
41	Table 3.5a Design U-Factors of Swinging Doors in Btu/h · ft2 · °F Table 3.5b Design U-Factors for Revolving Doors in Btu/h · ft2 · °F
42	Table 3.5c Design U-Factors for Double-Skin Steel Emergency Exit Doors in Btu/h · ft2 · °F Table 3.5d Design U-Factors for Double-Skin Steel Garage and Aircraft Hangar Doors in Btu/h · ft2 · °F Table 3.6a U-Factors for Various Fenestration Products in Btu/h · ft2 · °F
44	Table 3.6b U-Factors for Various Fenestration Products in Btu/h · ft2 · °F
46	Table 3.7 Visible Transmittance (Tv), Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), Solar Transmittance (T ), Front Reflectance (R f ), Back Reflectance (Rb ), and Layer Absorptances (A) for Glazing and Window Systems
62	Table 3.8 Angle Correction Factors for SHGC
66	Table 3.9a IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Uncoated Single Glazings
68	Table 3.9b IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Uncoated Double Glazings
71	Table 3.9c IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Coated Double Glazings with 0.2 Low-E
73	Table 3.9d IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Coated Double Glazings with 0.1 Low-E
75	Table 3.9e IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Double Glazings with 0.05 Low-E
78	Table 3.9f IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Triple Glazing
80	Table 3.9g IAC Values for Draperies, Roller Shades, and Insect Screens
92	Figure 3.1 Geometry of Slat-Type Sunshades
93	Figure 3.2 Designation of drapery fabrics.
94	Figure 3.3 Drapery fabric properties. References
95	Figure 3.4 Drapery fabric geometry,
98	4.1 Indoor Design Conditions 4.2 Outdoor Design Conditions
99	2b. Daily temperature range for hottest month, °F (defined as mean of the difference between daily maximum and daily minimum dry- bulb temperatures for hottest month [column 2a])
100	Table 4.1 Design Conditions for Atlanta, Georgia
102	4.2.1 Cooling Load Design Conditions 4.2.2 Daily Temperature Profiles for Cooling Load Calculations
103	Table 4.2 Fraction of Daily Temperature Range Table 4.3 Coefficients for Equation 4.1
104	4.2.3 Heating Load Design Conditions
105	4.2.4 Data for Ground Heat Transfer Figure 4.1. Approximate groundwater temperatures (°F) in the continental United States. References
106	Figure 4.2. Ground temperature amplitude.
107	Table 4.4 Design Conditions for Chicago, Illinois
108	Table 4.5 Design Conditions for Dallas, Texas
109	Table 4.6 Design Conditions for Los Angeles, California
110	Table 4.7 Design Conditions for New York City, New York
111	Table 4.8 Design Conditions for Seattle, Washington
113	5.1 Infiltration and Outdoor Ventilation Air Loads
114	5.2 Determination of Pressure Differences 5.2.1 Pressure Difference Due to Stack Effect
115	Figure 5.1 Winter stack effect showing theoretical pressure difference versus height.
116	Figure 5.2 Winter stack effect showing actual pressure difference versus height for a 12-story building. 5.2.2 Pressure Difference Due to Wind Effect
117	Figure 5.3 Pressure difference due to stack effect. Figure 5.4 Variation of surface-averaged wall pressure coefficients for low-rise buildings.
118	Figure 5.5 Surface-averaged wall pressure coefficients for tall buildings (Akins et al. 1979). Figure 5.6 Surface-averaged roof pressure coefficients for tall buildings (Akins et al. 1979).
119	Table 5.1 Atmospheric Boundary Layer Parameters
120	5.2.3 Pressure Difference Due to Building Pressurization Example 5.1 Estimating Building Pressure Differences Figure 5.7 Building orientation and wind direction for Example 5.1.
123	5.3 Infiltration Through Building Envelope
124	5.3.1 Curtain Wall Infiltration per Floor or Room Table 5.2 Curtain Wall Classification
125	Example 5.2 Infiltration Through Curtain Wall—High Rise Figure 5.8. Curtain wall infiltration for one room or one floor.
126	5.3.2 Crack Infiltration for Doors and Movable Windows
127	Figure 5.9 Window and door infiltration characteristics. Table 5.3 Windows Classification Table 5.4 Residential-Type Door Classification
128	5.3.3 Infiltration Through Commercial-Type Doors Figure 5.10 Infiltration through closed swinging door cracks. Figure 5.11 Swinging door infiltration characteristics with traffic.
129	Figure 5.12 Flow coefficient dependence on traffic rates.
130	Figure 5.13 Infiltration through seals of revolving doors not revolving. Figure 5.14 Infiltration for motor-operated revolving door. Figure 5.15 Infiltration for manually operated revolving door.
131	Example 5.3 Infiltration Through Swinging Commercial-Type Door
132	5.4 Infiltration for Low-Rise Buildings Figure 5.16 Airflow coefficient for automatic doors (Yuill et al. 2000).
133	Example 5.4 Infiltration Through Revolving Doors Example 5.5 Design Infiltration Rate
134	Figure 5.17 Northwest corner zone with two exterior façades.
135	References
139	Table 6.1 Representative Rates at Which Heat and Moisture Are Given Off by Human Beings in Different States of Activity
141	Table 6.2 Lighting Power Densities Using the Space-by-Space Method
145	Figure 6.1 Lighting heat gain parameters for recessed fluorescent luminaire without lens. Table 6.3 Lighting Heat Gain Parameters for Typical Operating Conditions
147	Table 6.4 Minimum Nominal Full-Load Efficiency for 60 HZ NEMA General Purpose Electric Motors (Subtype I) Rated 600 Volts or Less (Random Wound)
148	Table 6.5a Recommended Rates of Radiant and Convective Heat Gain from Unhooded Electric Appliances During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions
149	Table 6.5b Recommended Rates of Radiant Heat Gain from Hooded Electric Appliances During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions Table 6.5c Recommended Rates of Radiant Heat Gain from Hooded Gas Appliances During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions
150	Table 6.5d Recommended Rates of Radiant Heat Gain from Hooded Solid Fuel Appliances During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions Table 6.5e Recommended Rates of Radiant and Convective Heat Gain from Warewashing Equipment During Idle (Standby) or Washing Conditions
151	Table 6.6 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Medical Equipment
152	Table 6.7 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Laboratory Equipment Table 6.8 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Computer Equipment
153	Table 6.9 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Laser Printers and Copiers Table 6.10 Recommended Heat Gain from Miscellaneous Office Equipment
154	Table 6.11 Recommended Load Factors for Various Types of Offices Example 6.1 Heat Gain from Occupants Example 6.2 Heat Gain from Lights for Single Room
155	Example 6.3 Heat Gain from Motor-Driven Equipment
156	Example 6.4 Heat Gain from Restaurant Equipment
157	References
158	7.1 Assumptions and Limitations of the RTSM 2. Exterior surface heat balance—the RTSM replaces the exterior surface heat balance by assuming that the exterior surface exchanges heat with an exterior boundary condition known as the sol-air temperature. The heat exchange is governed by the sur…
159	Figure 7.1 Overview of the RTSM for a single zone. 7.2 Overview of the RTSM
160	7.3 Computation of Solar Irradiation and Sol-Air Temperatures Table 7.1 Solar Irradiation, Atlanta, July 21
161	Table 7.2 Sol-Air Temperatures, Atlanta, July 21 7.4 Computation of Conductive Heat Gains from Opaque Surfaces
162	Figure 7.2 Conduction time series factors for light and heavy walls. 7.4.1 Obtaining CTSFs
163	Table 7.3a Wall Conduction Time Series Factors
164	7.5 Computation of Fenestration Heat Gains
165	Table 7.3b Wall Conduction Time Series (CTS)
166	Table 7.4 Roof Conduction Time Series (CTS)
167	Table 7.5 Thermal Properties and Code Numbers of Layers Used in Wall and Roof Descriptions for Tables 7.3a, 7.3b, and 7.4
168	Example 7.1 Conduction Heat Gain Example 7.1 Conduction Heat Gain Table 7.6 Example Wall
169	Table 7.7 Computer and Tabulated CTSFs (%)
170	Figure 7.3 Hourly conduction heat gains using three different sets of CTSFs. Table 7.8 Intermediate Values and Conduction Heat Gains for Wall in Example 7.1
171	Table 7.9 Angle Correction Factors for SHGC
172	2. If exterior shading exists, determine sunlit area and shaded area, as described in Appendix D.
173	Example 7.2 Solar Heat Gain Calculation
176	7.6 Computation of Internal and Infiltration Heat Gains 7.7 Splitting Heat Gains into Radiative and Convective Portions 7.8 Conversion of Radiative Heat Gains into Cooling Loads
177	Table 7.10 Recommended Radiative/Convective Splits for Internal Heat Gains
178	Table 7.12 Representative Solar RTS Values for Light to Heavy Construction
179	Table 7.11 Representative Nonsolar RTS Values for Light to Heavy Construction
180	Table 7.13 Representative Zone Construction for Tables 7.11 and 7.12 Figure 7.4 RTFs (solar) for three zones.
181	Example 7.3 RTF Determination Figure 7.5 ASHRAE headquarters building office plan view.
182	Figure 7.6 Elevation views of the ASHRAE headquarters building. Table 7.14 Summary of Constructions for Example 7.3
184	Figure 7.7 RTF generation input parameters with inside areas for Example 7.3 (ASHRAE headquarters building office). Figure 7.8 Nonsolar RTFs for Example 7.3.
185	Figure 7.9 Solar RTFs for Example 7.3. Table 7.15 Office Surface Areas Example 7.4 Cooling Load Calculation
186	7.9 Implementing the RTSM Table 7.16 Summary of Results for the Four Sets of RTFs Developed in Example 7.3
187	2. Based on the number of panes, the normal SHGC, and the U-factor and window description provided by the manufacturer, determine the appropriate window types and resulting angle correction factors from Table 7.9 or 3.8. 3. Determine RTFs for the zone. There are two approaches: 4. Calculate hourly solar irradiation incident on each exterior surface and the hourly sol-air temperature for each surface using the methodology described in Appendix D and demonstrated in the spreadsheet 7-1-solar.xls. 5. Compute hourly conductive heat gains from exterior walls and roofs using Equation 7.2 for each hour and the 24 hourly values of sol-air temperature. This is demonstrated in the spreadsheet Example 7.1 Conduction.xls. 6. Compute hourly heat gains from fenestration. This includes:
188	Figure 7.10 Space radiant heat gain and cooling load for Example 7.4. 7. Compute hourly internal heat gains from occupants, equipment, and lighting, based on peak heat gains and schedules determined in the initial data-gathering phase. 8. Compute infiltration heat gains based on the procedures described in Chapter 5. 9. Split all heat gains into radiative and convective portions using the recommendations in Table 7.10. 10. Convert radiative portion of internal heat gains to hourly cooling loads using Equation 7.5. The beam solar heat gain will be converted using the solar RTFs; all other heat gains will be converted with the nonsolar RTFs. References
190	2. Second, the case with light-colored venetian blinds (Section 8.4) is considered. 8.1 Building Overview 8.2 Office Details
191	Figure 8.1 Floor plan for the first floor (not to scale).
192	Figure 8.2 Floor plan for the second floor (not to scale).
193	Figure 8.3 East/west elevations, elevation details, and perimeter section (not to scale).
194	Figure 8.4 Elevation views of the building.
195	Figure 8.5 Office plan view. Figure 8.6 Comparison of zone-sensible cooling loads, with and without light-colored venetian blinds.
196	Table 8.1 Office Construction Data Table 8.2a Surface Geometry, Absorptance, and Boundary Condition Table 8.2b Window Area and Optical Properties Table 8.2c Window and External Shading Geometry
198	8.3 Office Example— RTSM 2. Computation of heat gains 3. Splitting of heat gains into radiative and convective components 4. Conversion of radiative heat gains to cooling loads 8.3.1 Selection of Coefficients and Determination of Environmental Conditions
199	Table 8.3 CTSFs for Office Constructions
200	Table 8.4 Radiant Time Factors for the Office Table 8.5 Angle Correction Factors for Window
201	8.3.2 Computation of Heat Gains
202	Table 8.6 Incident Solar Radiation for Office Exterior Surfaces
203	Table 8.7 Air Temperatures and Sol-Air Temperatures for Office Exterior Surfaces Table 8.8 Conduction Heat Gains for Opaque Exterior Surfaces, Btu/h
205	Table 8.9 Fenestration Conduction Heat Gains
206	Table 8.10a Solar Heat Gain Calculations for the Southwest-Facing Windows, Part 1 Table 8.10b Solar Heat Gain Calculations for the Southwest-Facing Windows, Part 2
207	Table 8.11a Solar Heat Gain Calculations for the Southeast-Facing Windows, Part 1 Table 8.11b Solar Heat Gain Calculations for the Southeast-Facing Windows, Part 2
208	Table 8.12 Internal Heat Gain Schedules
209	Table 8.13 Internal Heat Gains, Btu/h
210	Table 8.14 Infiltration Heat Gains Table 8.15 Summary of Sensible Heat Gains to Room, Without Interior Shading, Btu/h
211	Table 8.16 Latent Heat Gains and Cooling Loads, Btu/h
212	8.3.3 Splitting of Sensible Heat Gains into Radiative and Convective Components Table 8.17 Radiative Components of the Heat Gains, Btu/h
213	Table 8.18 Convective Components of the Heat Gains, Btu/h 8.3.4 Conversion of Radiative Heat Gains to Cooling Loads
214	Table 8.19 Radiative Components of the Cooling Load, Btu/h 8.3.5 Summation of Cooling Loads
215	Table 8.20 Component-by-Component Breakdown of the Room Cooling Load, Btu/h (without Interior Shading) 8.4 RTSM Calculation with Light-Colored Venetian Blinds
216	Table 8.21 Return Air Cooling Load and System Cooling Load, Btu/h (without Interior Shading)
217	Table 8.22 Solar Heat Gains with Light-Colored Venetian Blinds Table 8.23 Radiative and Convective Components of Solar Heat Gains with Light-Colored Venetian Blinds
218	Table 8.24 Cooling Load Components with Light-Colored Venetian Blinds, Btu/h
219	8.5 RTSM Calculation with Separate Treatment of Return Air Plenum 8.5.1 Computation of Air Temperature in the Return Air Plenum
220	Table 8.25 UA Values for the Return Air Plenum
222	Table 8.26 Summary of Heat Balance Calculation 8.5.2 Computation of Cooling Loads
223	Table 8.27 Heat Gains Associated with the Return Air Plenum 8.6 Summary
224	Table 8.28 Room Sensible Cooling Load Components, Btu/h Reference
225	Table 8.29 System Sensible Cooling Loads, Btu/h
226	9.1 Classical Design Procedures Example 9.1 Cooling and Dehumidification Process Example 9.1 Cooling and Dehumidification Process
227	Figure 9.1 Cooling and dehumidifying system. Figure 9.2 Psychrometric processes for Example 9.1.
230	9.1.1 Fan Power Example 9.2 Sensible Heat Gain
231	Figure 9.3a Psychrometric processes showing effect of fans and heat gain. Figure 9.3b Fan effect with blow-through configuration.
232	9.1.2 Ventilation for Indoor Air Quality Example 9.3 Required Outdoor Air 9.1.3 Cooling and Heating Coils
233	Table 9.1 Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Zone
234	Figure 9.4 Schematic of recirculating system.
235	Figure 9.5 Comparison of coil processes. Figure 9.6 Comparison of coil processes with variable rates.
236	Example 9.4 Bypass Factor
237	Figure 9.7 Simple evaporative-cooling system. 9.1.5 Space Heating
238	Figure 9.8 Psychrometric diagram for evaporative-cooling system of Figure 9.7. Figure 9.9 Combination evaporative/regular-cooling system. Figure 9.10 Psychrometric diagram of Figure 9.9.
239	9.1.6 All Outdoor Air Example 9.5 Coil Specification Figure 9.11 Heating system with preheat of outdoor air. Figure 9.12 Psychrometric diagram of Figure 9.11.
240	Figure 9.13 All-outdoor-air system. Figure 9.14 Psychrometric diagram of all-outdoor-air system.
241	9.2 Off-Design (Nonpeak) Conditions
242	Figure 9.15a Processes for off-design VAV system operation.
243	Figure 9.15b Processes for off-design face and bypass system operation. Figure 9.15c Processes for off-design variable water flow system operation. Example 9.6 Coil for VAV System
244	Figure 9.16 Psychrometric processes for Example 9.6. 9.2.1 Reheat System
245	Figure 9.17 Simple constant-flow system with reheat. Example 9.7 Reheat System
246	Figure 9.18 Psychrometric processes for Example 9.7. Figure 9.19 Psychrometric processes for Example 9.8. 9.2.2 Coil Bypass System
247	Example 9.8 Coil Bypass 9.2.3 Dual-Duct System
248	Figure 9.20 Schematic of dual-duct system. Figure 9.21 Psychrometric processes for dualduct system of Figure 9.20. 9.2.4 Economizer Cycle
249	Figure 9.22 Psychrometric processes for economizer cycle. References
250	10.1 Heating Load Using Cooling Load Calculation Procedures 2. It is generally assumed that there are no internal heat gains (e.g., people, lights, equipment), and these may be set to zero by the user. 3. Constant outdoor temperatures are assumed; this may be done by setting the daily range to zero.
251	10.2 Classic Heat Loss Calculations 2. Select the indoor design conditions to be maintained (Chapter 4). 3. Estimate the temperature in any adjacent unheated spaces. 4. Select the transmission coefficients (Chapter 3) and compute the heat losses for walls, floors, ceilings, windows, doors, and foundation elements. 5. Compute the heat load caused by infiltration and any other outdoor air introduced directly to the space (Chapter 5). 10.2.1 Outdoor Design Conditions 10.2.2 Indoor Design Conditions 10.2.3 Calculation of Transmission Heat Losses
252	Figure 10.1 Heat flow from below-grade surfaces.
253	Figure 10.2 Ground temperature amplitudes for North America. Figure 10.3 Below-grade depth parameters.
254	Table 10.1 Average U-Factors for Basement Walls with Uniform Insulation Table 10.2 Average U-Factors for Basement Floors
255	Table 10.3 Heat Loss Coefficient Fp of Slab Floor Construction 10.2.4 Infiltration
256	10.2.5 Heat Losses in the Air Distribution System 10.2.6 Auxiliary Heat Sources
257	10.3 Heating Load Calculation Example 10.3.1 Room Description and Design Conditions Table 10.4 Exterior Surfaces 10.3.2 Heating Load without Floor Losses
258	Table 10.5 Exterior, Above-Grade Surface Heat Losses 10.3.3 Heating Load with Slab-on-Grade Floor Losses
259	References
260	Figure 11.1 Schematic of surface heat balance. 11.1 Outside Face Heat Balance
261	11.2 Wall Conduction Process
262	Figure 11.2 Conduction terms of the surface heat balance.
263	11.3 Inside Face Heat Balance 2. Convection to the room air 3. Shortwave radiant absorption and reflection Figure 11.3 Inside face heat balance. 11.3.1 Conduction, qki
264	11.3.2 Internal Radiation Modeling 11.3.3 Transmitted Solar Radiation
265	11.3.4 Convection to Zone Air 11.4 Air Heat Balance 11.4.1 Convection from Surfaces 11.4.2 Convective Parts of Internal Loads, qCE
266	11.4.3 Infiltration, qIV 11.5 A Framework for the Heat Balance Procedures
267	Figure 11.4 Schematic view of general heat balance zone. 11.6 Implementing the Heat Balance Procedure 11.6.1 The Heat Balance Equations
268	11.6.2 Overall HBM Iterative Solution Procedure
269	2. Calculate incident and transmitted solar fluxes for all surfaces and hours. 3. Distribute transmitted solar energy to all inside faces, for all 24 hours. 4. Calculate internal load quantities, for all 24 hours. 5. Distribute longwave (LW), shortwave (SW), and convective energy from internal loads to all surfaces for all 24 hours. 6. Calculate infiltration and ventilation loads for all 24 hours. 7. Iterate the heat balance according to the following pseudo-code scheme: References
271	Figure A.1 ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart 1 (ASHRAE 1992). A.1 Basic Data and Standard Conditions
272	A.2 Basic Moist Air Processes
274	Table A.1 Standard Atmospheric Data for Altitudes to 30,000 ft Table A.2 Specific Volume of Moist Air, ft3/lba
275	Figure A.2 Sensible heating and cooling process.
276	Example A.1 Sensible Heating
277	Figure A.3 Cooling and dehumidifying process.
278	Example A.2 Cooling Example A.2 Cooling
280	Figure A.4 Humidification processes without heat transfer. Example A.3 Heating and Humidification
281	Figure A.5 Typical heating and humidifying process.
282	Example A.4 Mixing Figure A.6 Adiabatic mixing process.
284	Figure A.7 Evaporative cooling process. Example A.5 Evaporative Cooling
286	Example A.6 Air Supply Rate Figure A.8 Space-conditioning psychrometric process.
287	A.3 Processes Involving Work and Lost Pressure
288	Table A.3 Air Temperature Rise Caused by Fans, °F
289	Figure A.9 Psychrometric processes showing effect of fans. A.4 Heat Transfer in the Air Distribution System
290	Example A.7 Duct Losses
291	References
292	B.1 Overview
293	B.2 Office Example— RTSM Spreadsheet
294	Figure B.1 The master input worksheet.
295	Figure B.2 Location selection from the location library.
297	Figure B.3 Internal heat gain inputs on master input worksheet.
298	Figure B.4 Fenestration and shading inputs. Figure B.5 Zone input as derived from the master input worksheet.
299	Figure B.6 Zone input—the surface details.
300	Figure B.7 The master input worksheet showing buttons for cooling load calculations.
301	Figure B.8 The Zone 1 worksheet that shows the beginning of the intermediate calculations. 2. Compute sol-air temperature for each surface (rows 121:144). 3. Determine U-factor (row 148) and CTSFs for each construction (rows 149:172). The CTSFs are calculated by VBA subroutines that execute when one of the cooling load calculation buttons is pressed. The CTSFs are written directly to these cells by the… 4. Conduction heat gains are calculated (rows 178:201). 5. For windows, determine sunlit area fraction (rows 205:228). 6. For windows, determine beam (rows 233:256) and diffuse (rows 261:284) solar heat gains.
302	Figure B.9 Visual basic editor showing Solar_Beam function in solar module. 7. Based on user-defined schedules and peak heat gains, find hourly sensible and latent internal heat gains (rows 290:313). 8. Determine hourly infiltration loads (rows 319:342). 9. Sum heat gains from different types of surfaces (e.g., walls) and split all heat gains into radiative and convective portions (rows 348:371). 10. Compute solar and nonsolar RTFs (rows 375:398). Like the CTSFs, they are calculated by VBA subroutines and written directly to the appropriate cells. 11. Apply the RTFs to the radiant heat gains and compute cooling loads due to radiant and convective heat gains (rows 403:428).
303	Figure B.10 Cooling loads for July design day, first part. B.3 Description of Input Parameters
304	Figure B.11 Cooling loads for July design day, second part. Figure B.12 Zone sensible cooling loads for July 21.
305	Figure B.13 Summary of peak cooling load, which occurs in September. B.3.1 Master Input Worksheet Parameters B.3.2 Input Parameters in the Zone Sheets B.4 Intermediate Results on Zone Worksheets B.5 Results: Zone Design Day Cooling Load B.6 Results: Zone Monthly-Hourly Cooling Loads
306	Table B.1 Site: Location and Design Weather Conditions Table B.2 Units and Site: Altitude and Barometric Pressure Table B.3 Conduction Heat Gain: Radiative and Convective Fractions
307	Table B.4 Inside Design Conditions Table B.5 Fractions to Return Air Table B.6 Internal Heat Gains B.7 Results: Building Monthly-Hourly Cooling Loads
308	Table B.7 Fenestration Solar Heat Gain Table B.8 Internal Heat Gain Schedules References
309	Table B.9 Location and Design Weather Conditions Table B.10 Units and Site: Altitude and Barometric Pressure Table B.11 Zone Infiltration
310	Table B.12 Inside Design Conditions Table B.13 Fraction to Return Air Table B.14 Conduction Heat Gain: Radiative and Convective Fractions
311	Table B.15 Internal Heat Gains Table B.16 Fenestration Solar Heat Gain
312	Table B.17 Internal Heat Gain Schedules Table B.18 Zone Geometry, Surface Construction, and Properties Table B.19 Window Geometry
313	Table B.20 Zone Intermediate Results, Part I
314	Table B.21 Zone Intermediate Results, Part II
315	Table B.22 Zone Intermediate Results, Part III
316	Table B.23 Design Day Cooling Load Summary
317	Table B.24 Zone Hourly Cooling Load Summary
318	Table B.25 Building Monthly-Hourly Cooling Load Summary
320	C.1 CTSF Generation C.2 CTSF Generation—Spreadsheet Implementation C.3 RTF Generation
321	Figure C.1 CTSF generation spreadsheet inputs. C.4 RTF Generation—Spreadsheet Implementation
322	Figure C.2 CTSFs generated by spreadsheet. 2. Surface name is at the discretion of the user. 3. Facing angle is degrees clockwise from north. 4. Tilt angle is degrees above horizontal. 5. Surface area is in square feet (I-P) or square meters (SI). 6. Longwave emissivities are used to estimate radiation distributions. 7. All boundary conditions should be set to TA. References
323	Figure C.3 Input parameters for RTF generation.
324	Figure C.4 Sample RTF output.
326	D.1 Solar Angle Calculations
327	Table D.1 Approximate Astronomical Data for the 21st Day of Each Month
328	Figure D.1 Solar angles.
329	D.2 ASHRAE Clear-Sky Model
330	D.3 Solar Irradiation on Surfaces D.4 Exterior Shading of Fenestration
331	Table D.2 Solar Reflectances of Foreground Surfaces Figure D.2 Shading for vertical and horizontal projections.
332	Figure D.3 Solar input data. D.5 Sol-Air Temperature Calculation
333	D.6 Spreadsheet Implementation
334	Figure D.4 Solar irradiation and sol-air temperature calculation input user form interface.
335	Table D.3 Input Parameter Descriptions References
336	Figure D.5 Tables for Gage, Oklahoma.
338	E.1 Equivalent Homogeneous Layer Model E.2 Steady-State R-Value
339	E.3 EHL Step-by-Step Procedure
340	3. Thermal conductivity of the EHL is obtained by dividing the thickness of the EHL with the resistance of the EHL. The thickness of the EHL is equal to the thickness of the composite layer or the total thickness minus the thickness of the homogenous… 4. Density of the EHL is determined from densities of the components of the composite layers and the corresponding volume fractions. The product sum of the volume fraction and densities of the components in the composite layer yields the EHL density … Example E.1 Steel Stud Wall
341	Example E.1 Steel Stud Wall Figure E.1 Steel stud wall with exterior brick finish.
342	Table E.1 Thermophysical Properties of the Layers for Example E.1 Table E.2 Layer Resistances—Isothermal Plane Method Table E.3 Layer Resistances—Parallel Method
344	Table E.4 Thermophysical Properties of the EHL Wall for Example E.1 References
346	2. The construction of the building, specifically the thermal mass, may be important in considering whether a transient heat balance is needed. If there is significant thermal mass between the outside and the uncontrolled space, a steady-state heat b…
347	Example F.1 Unheated Mechanical Room Example F.1 Unheated Mechanical Room Figure F.1 Plan view of building with uncontrolled mechanical room.
348	Table F.1 U-Factors and Areas for Example F.1
350	F.1 Additional Heat Transfer Paths
352	G.1 Computation of Dimensionless Conductance
353	G.2 Splitting Heat Gains into Radiative and Convective Portions G.3 Correction of the Radiant Time Factor Series Example G.1 Correction Factor Table G.1 Recommended Radiative/Convective Splits for Internal Heat Gains
354	Figure G.1 Comparison of sensible cooling loads, with and without consideration of losses; 39% of the facade is glazed.
355	Figure G.2 Comparison of sensible cooling loads, with and without consideration of losses; 95% of the facade is glazed. References

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ASHRAE	2014


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Standard Title	Load Calculation Applications Manual, 2nd Edition – IP
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2014

ASHRAE LoadCalculationApplicationsManual 2ndEdition 2014

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